$Id$ The Cyc Upper Ontology guid Permanent Global Unique ID for the associated concept -- which enables concept renaming. Users should not depend upon the DAML ID nor label as fixed for all time. a few days duration Duration of 2 to 10 days bd58f6ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a few decades duration Duration of 2 to 10 decades bd58af72-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a few hours duration Duration of 2 to 10 hours bd58fded-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a few minutes duration Duration of 2 to 10 minutes bd5899f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a few months duration A few months 2-10 bd59008b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a few seconds duration Duration of 2 to 30 seconds bd589ecf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a few weeks duration Duration of 2 to 10 weeks bd58ddfa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 a few years duration Duration of 2 to 10 years bd589ddb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abandonments The collection of events in which some #$Agent deliberately gives up possession of something, without giving it to another. bd67b7de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ablations A collection of events. In an #$Ablation, a (usually relatively thin) layer of material is removed from the surface of an object. bd58b6b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 above ground levels A specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction whose instances are at or above ground level. See also #$BasementLevelInAConstruction and #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction. bd588bb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abrading events A collection of events. In an #$AbradingSomething event, the surface of some object is gradually worn away by scraping or similar physical contact involving friction. Devices used in elements of #$AbradingSomething include files and sand paper; elements of #$AbradingSomething would include the event in which Howard Hughes sanded down the Spruce Goose for the last time, the event in which Lucy Ricardo filed her fingernails just before her singing debut at Rickie's club, etc. bd5899e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 data A heterogeneous collection of abstract objects that pertain to information. Subsumes not only #$Proposition, but also the collections #$Sentence, #$CharacterString, #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract, #$Microtheory, #$PropositionalInformationThing, and #$ConceptualWork. Note that while all #$AbstractInformationalThings are abstract objects (this collection is disjoint with #$SpatialThing-Localized), most instances of this collection can have multiple concrete 'embodiments'. A single instance of #$Sentence can be written on several peices of paper (see #$instantiationOfAIS); a #$PropositionalInformationThing may be the content of several concrete documents, such as instances of #$BookCopy (see #$containsInfoPropositional-IBT); and several events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain #$Proposition as their content (see #$containsInformation). Note that some instances of #$AbstractInformationalThing have temporal extent. Examples include all instances of #$Novel-CW and #$Movie-CW. Others specs are disjoint with #$TemporalThing. Examples include all instances of #$Character-Abstract and #$Proposition. bdff6c64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 programming languages The collection of languages invented for use by computers. This includes both command languages and others which one doesn't really `program' in. bd58c2ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abstract shape type A collection of collections. An instance SHAPE of #$ShapeType (q.v.) is also an instance of #$AbstractShapeType if and only if SHAPE is a spec of #$GeometricThing-Abstract. It is distinguished from #$GenericShapeType (q.v.), which is the collection of those collections that are instances of #$ShapeType, some of whose instances are abstract, and some of whose instances are localized. There is no '#$LocalizedShapeType'. The instances of #$AbstractShapeType are the acceptable second-arguments of the predicate #$shape. So, if you have have a spherical ball, BALL001, it is true that (#$shape BALL001 (#$AbstractFn #$SphereShape)), but false (in fact, undefined) that (#$shape BALL001 #$SphereShape). c0f46e32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 academics A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$AcademicProfessional is a person whose job is to educate and/or to perform research as an affiliate of an academic institution. This includes members of the teaching and/or research staff of schools, colleges, universities, and research institutes. bd589db6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 academic quarters Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one quarter of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like StanfordSpringQuarter1991. bd589441-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 semesters Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one half of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates and duration may vary depending on the institution and year, instances will be time intervals such as ``StanfordSpringSemester1990-91''. bd58ea30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 trimesters Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one third of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution and year, instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like UCLASpringTrimester1990-91. bd58ea73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 academic years Each instance of this collection is an annually recurring #$TimeInterval defined by an educational institution. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like Stanford1989-90AcademicYear. bd58f188-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 accelerations Acceleration is the change in speed of an object per unit time. It is a measurable physical quantity, measured in units such as MilesPerHourPerSecond. bd58dc89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 access numbers A collection of #$PhoneNumbers. Each element of #$AccessNumber is a string that a user with #$Internet connections uses to connect to his/her #$InternetServiceProvider. bf796ce3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information-accessing events A collection of information transfer events. Each element of #$AccessingAnIBT is an action by which an agent accesses the content of some IBT (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingThing). Examples include (getting information from) reading a newspaper, watching a film, listening to a musical performance, decoding an encrypted message, seeing a traffic police officer wave you on, or hearing your roommate ask you to take out the trash. Of course, communication conventions play a role here. In the #$NaiveInformationMt, Cyc simply assumes that an agent who accesses an IBT understands its content afterwards. In the #$InformationGMt, Cyc makes the more complicated inference that an agent who accesses an IBT understands its content afterwards only if the agent is able to get the encoded information using a convention familiar to that agent. See also #$CommunicationConvention, #$hasCommConvention, #$usesCommConventionForInfo. bd58d61f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 accounts A collection of objects; a subset of #$LegalAgreement. Each element of #$Account is a recorded obligation (of some particular type) between specified parties, consisting of `funds' which typically can be added to and drawn upon. Examples include the instances of #$RetirementAccount, #$TravelExpenseAccount, and of the many types of #$FinancialAccount. Note that the contents of an account need not be monetary; for example, the contents may be amounts of time, as in the subsets #$VacationAccount or a #$SickLeaveAccount. #$Account does NOT include debt obligations of fixed face value that cannot be increased or reduced (such as a bond). bd588c2b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 account statuses A collection of attributes. Each element of #$AccountStatusAttribute is an attribute that describes the obligational status of an #$Account; e.g.,#$PaidInFull, #$InComplianceWithPaymentSchedule, #$PaymentOverdue, #$AccountInactive. bd58d207-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 account type A collection of collections. Each element of #$AccountType is a collection of financial accounts of some type. Examples: #$SavingsAccount, #$CreditCardAccount, #$RetirementAccount, #$SocialSecurityAccount, #$TravelExpenseAccount. Typically, accounts are denominated in units of #$Money. bd588be8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 acknowledgments The collection of actions which are #$performedBy one #$Agent to convey information about the receipt of a prior #$CommunicationAct-Single which was #$performedBy another #$Agent. An example: Judy saying `No' in response to Jane's prior act of saying `Will you clean the toaster.' bd590c41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 acquaintance attribute The collection of attributes that specify ways in which (and/or degrees to which) one person is acquainted with another E.g., some instances of this collection are: #$FamousPersonAcquaintance, #$TrueFanAcquaintance, #$IntimateAcquaintance, #$FrequentContactAcquaintance, etc. bd58f556-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actions A collection of events. Each instance of #$Action is an event that is carried out by some 'doer' (see #$doneBy). Actions may include any event in which one or more actor(s) effect some change(s) in the tangible or intangible state of the world, typically by some expenditure of effort or energy. But note that it is not required that any tangible object be moved, changed, produced, or destroyed for an action to occur; the effects of actions may be intangible (such as the change in a bank balance, or the intimidation of a subordinate). Depending upon the context, actors may be animate or inanimate, conscious or nonconscious. For actions that are intentional, see also #$PurposefulAction, #$performedBy. bd58a841-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actions on an object The collection of physical events in which some doer acts on an object. Each element of #$ActionOnObject is an action in which both the roles of #$doneBy and #$objectActedOn (qq.v.) are filled. Positive examples: someone typing on a keyboard; a tornado destroying a building. Negative examples: a person dancing; wind blowing. c0e7f6ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actor slots A collection of binary predicates; a specialization of #$Role. Each element of #$ActorSlot relates some instance of #$Event to a temporal thing involved in that event (here called a `participant', but that does not imply activity). The first argument of every #$ActorSlot is an instance of #$Event, and the second argument is an instance of #$SomethingExisting. All instances of #$ActorSlot have #$actors as their #$genlPreds, directly or indirectly, so that the actor slots form a kind of hierarchy. Each specialized actor slot indicates HOW its participant participates in the event, i.e., in what role (e.g., #$inputs, #$outputs, #$doneBy). Actor slots are NOT used to indicate the time of an event's occurrence, external representations of the event, and other more remotely related things that are not directly or indirectly `involved' in occurrence of the event. Time and other quantities are relevant to events but are not instances of #$SomethingExisting; thus, they are related to events by some non-#$ActorSlot predicate. Things which are remotely related to the event--e.g., someone who is affected by the event but doesn't exist when the event occurs--may be related using some instance of #$Role that does not belong to #$ActorSlot, such as #$affectedAgent. See also #$Role. bd588029-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 addresses A collection of strings. Each element of #$Address-LocationDesignator is a string that denotes an address. Each string indicates one entire address. For example: `President Bill Clinton, White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC. bd590a18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adjectives The collecton of all adjectives. Adjectives are words which can modify nouns. Many adjectives have comparative and superlative forms. Example: `red'. bd588031-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 administrators A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Administrator is an employee of an organization who is responsible for managing its organizational affairs. Elements of #$Administrator may or may not also be required to manage people. If so, then they are also #$Managers (q.v.). bd58aedc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 admiration A feeling of strong approval. An intense positive attitude towards another person(s) or group. May be accompanied by emulation. #$Admiration is different than #$Respect (qv). This is a collection --- see #$Happiness for an explanation. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Admiration are #$Wonder-Admiration, #$Adulation, #$Awe, etc. bd58b20b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adult animals The collection of all adult animals (including adult people), meaning all elements of #$Animal that are mature enough to bear offspring, or older. c1006731-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 women The collection of all women; i.e., #$Persons who are adult and female bd58b1f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adverbs The collection of all adverbs. Adverbs are words which can modify adverbs, verbs, or adjectives. Many adverbs are morphologically derived from adjectives. Example: `slowly'. bd58802c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 advertising events A collection of #$CommunicationAct-Singles. In an #$Advertising event, someone is communicating, to potential customers of an #$Agent, the desire of that agent to do business with those customers (either to `do business' in general or to sell them something specific. c10afc14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 affection A feeling of fondness for someone or something. Sympathy, liking, warmth, tenderness. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Affection are #$Love, #$Passion, etc. bd58b5c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 afternoons An #$Afternoon is the daily #$Event where the #$Sun moves from its `highest' position in the daily cycle and `sets' or becomes a #$MidnightSun, i.e from noon till #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun. A #$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and an #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon (except when there is a #$MidnightSun in which case a #$Morning is contiguously after the #$Afternoon). Each #$Afternoon is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun. bd58863a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents In the #$FunctionalRoleAnalysisMt an #$Agent is defined quite simply as any temporally extended thing that plays one or more functional roles in some #$FunctionalSystem. bd588007-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agent - generic #$Agent-Generic is the collection of all agents, or things (like #$Animals, #$Robots, #$DivineBeings, etc.) that have desires and intentions and the presumed ability to act on them. An instance of this collection may be an instance of #$AgentiveArtifact or #$Agent (but not both). bec69a78-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agentive artifact #$AgentiveArtifact is the collection of all artifacts (created by instances of #$Agent) that commonly possess (at least) the apparent ability to make decisions and commence actions more or less independently of those agents. The distinction here is conventional; a certain functional sophistication possessed by instances of #$Artifact that are 'not really living agents' seems to mirror that possessed by 'living agents'. This sense of agency derives from ability or function the artifact possesses, namely the ability to commence actions, independently of agents, based on some internal calculation or deliberation. Example subcollections include #$Computer, #$Robot, #$TrojanHorseComputerProgram. bfa66fc1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agentive nouns The collection of all nouns in the agentive form. Agentive nouns usually denote the `doer' or `performer' of some action, and often end in `-er' or `-or'. Example: `runner'. bd588033-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agility #$Agility is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions in which the performer's whole body moves precisely and in a well-coordinated fashion. bd58d302-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agreements A collection of `objects' with temporal extent. Each element of #$Agreement involves two or more parties, who agree that certain propositions should be true. Making the propositions true may require some action or commitment of wealth on the part of one or more of the #$agreeingAgents. Thus, elements of #$Agreement will usually involve some instances of #$Obligation. Note: Elements of #$Agreement and #$Obligation differ, however, in that an #$obligatedAgent is responsible for the truth of all of the propositions in an obligation. In an agreement, some agents may not be responsible for all of the propositions in the agreement being true. For example, in a loan agreement, the borrower agrees to give the lender back the money, but the borrower is the only #$obligatedAgent for the repayment. Note that #$obligatedAgents need not be among the #$agreeingAgents in the agreement that involves or generates the obligation. For example, the Board of Directors of XYZCorporation may agree that some non-director will assume the post and duties of President of XYZCorporation. Moreover, #$agreeingAgents aren't always obligatedAgents; e.g., Wanda and Paul may agree that Paul alone is obligated to do some task. Examples include instances of #$PeaceAccord, #$LegalAgreement, #$InformalAgreement, #$BusinessPartnershipAgreement, #$WorkAgreement, #$SalesAgreement, #$MaintenanceAgreement, #$Reservation, #$Appointment, etc. bd58afa3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agreement note Elements of #$Agreement (and of its subsets) are #$Microtheory instances containing propositions representing what some number of parties have agreed upon. An #$Agreement may contain a set of #$Obligations on the part of one or more of the parties. An #$Agreement may also be just a set of beliefs that the parties have decided to share. To indicate which propositions are true in an #$Agreement, regardless of whether they are true in reality, use #$ist-Agreement. (#$ist-Agreement AGREEMENT PROP) means that PROP is a #$ELSentence-Assertible expressing something that was agreed upon in AGREEMENT. Other relevant vocabulary: (#$agreeingAgents AGREEMENT AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the parties agreeing to AGREEMENT. (#$subAgreements AGREEMENT1 AGREEMENT2) means that AGREEMENT2 is a part of (is included in) AGREEMENT1. (#$governedByAgreement ACTION AGREEMENT) means that ACTION is governed by the terms of AGREEMENT. (#$agreementForbids AGREEMENT AGENT ACTION-TYPE ROLE) means that AGREEMENT forbids AGENT to play ROLE in elements of ACTION-TYPE. (#$agreementRequires AGREEMENT AGENT ACTION-TYPE ROLE) means that AGREEMENT requires AGENT to play ROLE in at least one element of ACTION-TYPE. (#$agreementPeriod AGREEMENT TIME) means that AGREEMENT is considered to be true during the time period TIME. bd58b208-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ailments The most general collection of ailment events; a subset of #$PhysiologicalCondition, and a subset of #$Event. An instance of #$AilmentCondition is a dynamic state of sickness, injury, or physiological impairment. Having an ailment is an event: it has temporal aspects, it progresses dynamically, etc., it is not just `being in some static state of un-wellness.' Some subsets of #$AilmentCondition are: #$RespiratoryAilment, #$HeartCondition, #$Cancer, #$MotionSickness, #$Poisoning, #$Infection, #$InjuryCondition. If a particular person suffers from asthma, that is an element of #$AilmentCondition. Each #$AilmentCondition is a state of actual, developed sickness or impairment, rather than the event of getting sick or becoming impaired. Also note that each type of ailment, such as #$Asthma, is the set of all `cases' or `instances' of individuals suffering from that condition. c10c1856-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air A collection of tangibles; a subset of #$GaseousTangibleThing. Each element of #$Air is one `piece' among all the portions of the atmosphere of the Earth, considered as a substance present in various places, in various quantities, under various pressures, etc. Examples: the AirInAustin; the stuffy air in my office; the thin air atop Annapurna. See also #$TheAtmosphereQuaSinglePieceOfStuff, which is all ambient #$Air on the planet taken as a single object. bd58c00c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air forces A collection of military organizations. An element of #$AirForce is a military organization, modern or historical, composed mainly of airborne forces: bombers, fighters, torpedo planes, parachute troops, surveillance aircraft, etc., and having the function of defending or attacking air space, ships, or ground targets. c10c1acc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air force people A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who works for an #$AirForce. bd58a7cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air respiration A collection of activities constituting a natural #$PhysiologicalFunction; #$AirRespiration is the collection of all #$Respiration events in which an organism trades some of the carbon dioxide in its tissues for oxygen from the atmosphere. bd58bdb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 aircraft In the #$ModernMilitaryVehiclesMt, #$AirTransportationDevice parallels the military concept of 'air platform'; namely, an air vehicle commonly used in military operations to transport weapons, goods, or personnel by air. bd58ae50-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airlines The collection of all air transportation companies. An element of #$AirlineCompany is a #$TransportationCompany that operates airplanes to transport goods or people in exchange for money. bd58aaee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airplanes The collection of all heavier-than-air, self-powered flying machines (excluding cruise missiles) that get their lift while flying from #$AirplaneWings. Thus, #$Helicopters are excluded because the lift is caused by rotors. A borderline case are planes that take-off vertically, using a turbojet engine, so initially the lift is not due to their wings. In flight, however, such planes will need their wings to stay up in the air. bd58828b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 runways An airstrip, at an airport, on an aircraft carrier, or in some field, upon which airplanes taxi, take off, and land. bd58910e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airports The collection of all airfields, where airplanes take off and land. An #$Airport-Physical definitely has a runway, may or may not have any other buildings. If it's the grounds of an #$AirportOrganization, some of those other features will be present. bd58feaf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airports A collection of organizations. An element of #$AirportOrganization is an organization that manages and controls particular airports and their appurtenant facilities; e.g., #$LaGuardiaAirport-Organization. bd589fbc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 alertness #$Alertness is an #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute which specifies how sleepy or alert an animal is. Levels of #$Alertness include #$Asleep, #$Sleepy, and #$Awake. bd58a532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 allergic reactions A collection of dynamic, physiological states. An instance of #$AllergicReaction is an event in which an organism which is exposed to a particular substance (e.g., pollen, mold) develops some abnormality or impairment of its physiological condition as a result of interacting with the substance. Allergic reactions to some types of substances occur widely in members of a species; e.g., #$PoisonIvyPoisoning in humans. But other allergic reactions affect only a small proportion of a species, such as human allergies to penicillin. This concept is the set of events in which allergic reactions are `taking place', not abstract unrealized potential situations such as `John is allergic to milk.' I.e., if John were allergic to milk, and he drank some, and then proceeded to have a whopping bad allergic reaction, that latter event would be an element of #$AllergicReaction. c0fd6b2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 forever The interval of time which encompasses all time. In more general MTs we remain agnostic as to whether this time interval has either a beginning or an end, but if it does, #$Always-TimeInterval begins when time itself begins and ends only when time ends completely. Every other instance of #$TimeInterval is a #$timeSlices of #$Always-TimeInterval. c0ea3419-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ambulances The collection of all RoadVehicles that are equipped primarily for transporting wounded, injured or sick persons. bd588cd2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 amphibians The collection of all #$Organism-Wholes which are members of the #$BiologicalClass Amphibia, being a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Members of this class are smooth skinned #$Vertebrates which hatch from eggs to form aquatic larvae [see #$Larva]. These larvae metamorphose into an air-breathing adult [see AirBreathingVertebrate] (normally) having #$Lungs. Subsets of this collection include #$Frogs and #$Salamanders. bd58e024-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anatomical vessel The collection of all anatomical vessels in #$Animals. Instances of this collection are tubular animal tissue which acts as a conduit for body fluids or substances passing into or out of the body. be425bb7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anesthesia A collection of events; a subset of #$DrugTherapy (q.v.). In an instance of #$Anesthesia, a #$BiologicalLivingObject undergoes the effect of some instance of #$Anesthetic, the effect of which is to eliminate the perception of pain. #$Anesthesia events occur in connection with other medical care events, so that a patient will not feel the pain or discomfort that would otherwise be associated with those medical procedures. #$Anesthetics are of various chemical kinds, work in various ways, and can be administered in various ways. They may topically numb an area, they may poison the central nervous system to the point where the animal loses consciousness, etc. The resulting anesthetic therapies thus may differ, according to the type of anesthetic used; for example, the patient may or may not be conscious during an instance of #$Anesthesia. See also #$AdministeringADrug. c0fd53a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 outrages Intense feeling of displeasure and usually of antagonism. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Anger include #$Belligerence, etc. bd58c448-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 angles A subset of #$GeometricThing. Each element of #$Angle is formed by two lines diverging from the same point or two surfaces diverging from the same line. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the angle formed by the intersection of two walls, and abstract objects, such as the angle formed by the intersection of two (abstract) lines. bd61bd87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 angular acceleration rate #$AngularAccelerationRate is the rate at which the #$RateOfRotation of an object changes.It is a measurable physical quantity, measured in units such as radians per second per second. bd59080e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animals The collection of all animals; this large class of organisms is one instance of #$BiologicalKingdom. Animals are typically motile, living, whole organisms; they are elements of #$Heterotroph, incapable of performing instances of #$Photosynthesis. Animal cells contain cholesterol and lack cell walls made of cellulose. #$Person is a subset of #$Animal; see also #$NonPersonAnimal. bd58b031-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 activities A collection of events. Each element of #$AnimalActivity is an action whose performer(s) (see #$doneBy) belong to the collection #$Animal. bd588daa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal body parts The subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject which includes all the elements of #$Animal and of #$AnimalBodyPart and #$AnimalBodyRegion. c0fe0761-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 body parts The collection of all the anatomical parts and physical regions of all living animals; a subset of #$OrganismPart. Each element of #$AnimalBodyPart is a piece of some live animal and thus is itself an instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject. #$AnimalBodyPart includes both highly localized organs (e.g., hearts) and physical systems composed of parts distributed throughout an animal's body (such as its circulatory system and nervous system). By default, all elements of #$AnimalBodyPart are considered a part (see #$anatomicalParts) of some instance of #$Animal. However, there are exceptional cases, e.g., a severed limb, hair which has fallen out, detached parts of dead animals, blood which has poured out of a body. bd58801c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal body part type The collection of all the types of #$AnimalBodyParts. An #$AnimalBodyPartType is a characterization of body parts by structure and/or function. Some elements of this collection include #$SpinalColumn, #$Eyelash, #$NervousSystem, #$Urethra, #$Wing-AnimalBodyPart, #$HeelOfPalm, etc. As can be seen from those examples, #$AnimalBodyPartType is not organized along species/order/class/phylum/... taxonomic lines. bd58e7da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal body region The set of parts of an animal's body that one might point to, operate on, photograph, transplant, etc. So this is a collection of (conceptual) spatial subdivisions of the bodies of #$Animals, generally contiguous and having some more or less clear boundary. Some elements of this collections are Einstein's head, #$SantasBeard, and Babe Ruth's right arm. Other elements of this set are what might be considered unhealthy body regions, such as a blister, a puncture wound, a bruise, etc. -- but those are still clearly a part of an animal's body, can be pointed to, photographed, bandaged up, etc. Note that this concept is quite different from an animal body `system' (such as the lymph system, the nervous system, etc.) which comprises a small portion of an animal's total mass but is distributed throughout the animal's body -- see #$AnimalBodyPart. (At the naive, commonsense level of physiology, and for almost all purposes, it is perfectly acceptable to conceptualize Santa's beard as one #$AnimalBodyRegion, and the same for Farrah Fawcett's hair, etc. A borderline case of this is: Cher's fingernails. In some contexts, one would treat those as an #$AnimalBodyRegion, and in other contexts one would treat them as ten separate #$AnimalBodyRegions.) bd5adaa1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 migrations The collection of regular, species-linked movements of an animal or group of animals from one place to another, usually with a return to the starting point after a certain period of time. In some species, the migration cycle occurs once in a lifetime, while others migrate annually on a seasonal basis. Migration is typically linked with an animal's reproductive cycle (as in salmon), but may also involve seasonal relocation to a more hospitable climate and/or more plentiful food supply. For example, many birds exhibit seasonal migration; e.g., native Northeastern U.S. birds that spend their winters in the Southern U.S. c1009284-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physiological attributes of animals The broadest collection of attributes of #$Animals that describe the physiological aspects of an animal, including its physiological (1) capacities, (2) conditions, and (3) states. Examples include: (1) Capacities: #$Fertile, #$HearingImpaired, #$Paraplegic; (2) Conditions: #$Anemic, #$AthleticPhysicalBuild; (3) States: #$Intoxicated, #$Injured, #$Inflamed. #$PlantPhysiologicalAttributes, such as #$InBloom, are excluded. bd58a577-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal sounds A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each element of #$AnimalSound is a sound of a type which originally was, and typically is, made by an animal using just its body parts (though such a sound may subsequently have been reproduced by imitation or recording). For example, instances of #$Birdsong, #$NeighingSound, #$PurringSound, #$BarkingSound, #$BrayingSound. Note that the restriction to sounds produced by body parts alone excludes noises produced by moving external objects; i.e., #$AnimalSound does NOT include rustling the leaves underfoot, splashing water, or playing a musical instrument. bd620dbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal walking processes The collection of instances of #$Walking-Generic in which the #$locomotor is an #$Animal. bd58d77d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 climates A collection of events. Each element of #$AnnualClimateCycle is an extended event, one year in length, which encompasses #$subEvents describing the changing of the seasons. Subsets include #$TemperateClimateCycle, #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle, etc. See also the comments on #$ClimateCycleType, #$hasClimateType. bd5901a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 annual event type A collection of collections. The instances of an element of #$AnnualEventType are synchronized with the calendar. If ?X is an #$AnnualEventType, then one occurs each year. For example, #$ChristmasHoliday is an #$AnnualEventType, because one occurs each year, synchronized with the calendar. be1ed0b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anti symmetric binary predicate A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent antisymmetric relations. A predicate F is an element of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and, if both (F X Y) and (F Y X) hold, then X=Y, for every X,Y within the domain and range of F. For example, #$greaterThanOrEqualTo, #$compatibleBloodTypes. Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations. bdc9fb94-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anti transitive binary predicate A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent anti-transitive relations. A predicate F is an element of #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and, for every X,Y,Z in the domain of F, (#$not (#$and (F X Y)(F Y Z)(F X Z))). Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations. bf8bdc58-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 expectancies Emotion accompanying an expectation of something pleasant in the foreseeable future. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. bd58cefc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 apathy A lack of interest or concern. If someone is feeling some measure of #$Apathy, then they typically will have little or no response to things normally expected to excite emotion or interest. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Boredom. bd5893b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 appendages The collection of all appendages of #$Animals. An appendage is an #$AnimalBodyPart that is connected to, and extends from, the animal's #$Torso (or else from another of its appendages, such as a hand extending from an arm). Each appendage is used by the #$Animal for one or more functions; altogether, appendages serve a wide variety of functions such as locomotion, manipulation, sensing, fighting, scratching, heat dissipation, balance, etc. Appendages are not crucial for the life of the animal, thus a #$Neck-AnimalBodyPart or #$Head-AnimalBodyPart is not considered to be an appendage. bd5882f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 appropriations A collection of events; a subset of #$TakingSomething and of #$GainingUserRights. In an instance of #$AppropriatingSomething, an #$Agent takes something that no one else has user rights over, such as air for breathing, or some object which at that time belongs to no one (e.g.,a dime lying in the street). Note: The English verb `appropriate' can also mean to take something away from someone else, against their will and wrongfully, but that is not what is meant here. For that, see #$Stealing-Generic. bd58eea3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sanctions The emotion of viewing positively a state of affairs or other agent's actions. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. be00bc14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 April The collection of all Aprils, the fourth month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar. bd58c279-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 aquatic organisms The collection of organisms adapted to life underwater, which spend all or most of their time immersed in water. This includes the elements of #$Fish, also many instances of #$Mollusk, #$SeaMammal, etc. bd589715-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Arabic A Semitic language spoken by a large number of people in North Africa and the Middle East. bd588730-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arc shaped The instance of #$ShapeAttribute held by those things whose shape is described with the arc of some segment of a circle. For instance, a section of the equator would be described as arc shaped. c007e4fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 areas A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Area is an amount of two-dimensional space, i.e., a surface. Elements of #$Area may be either a fixed interval, such as the area of a rectangle 5 cm x 10 cm, or a range, such as the area of a city lot. See #$UnitOfArea for the units used by Cyc to measure areas. bd58c301-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg genl attribute binary predicate Those instances of both #$ArgTypeBinaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlAttributePredicate used to specify the required attribute of an argument of #$Relation. Each instance PRED of this collection is a binary predicate with the following properties: ARG1 is an instance of #$Relation, and ARG2 is an instance of #$AttributeValue. (PRED ARG1 ARG2) means that some argument of ARG1 is constrained to be a spec attribute of ARG2, where PRED determines the argument place in question. c0aa7393-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg genl attribute ternary predicate Those instances of both #$ArgTypeTernaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlAttributePredicate used to specify the required #$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required #$genlAttributes #$AttributeValue. bf4fcfa6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg genl binary predicate Those instances of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlPredicate used to specify the required #$genls of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the required #$genls #$Collection. bf1eedc8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg genl ternary predicate Those instances of both #$TernaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlPredicate used to specify the required #$genls of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required #$genls #$Collection. bd97e378-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg isa binary predicate Those instances of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$ArgIsaPredicate used to specify the required #$isa of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the required #$isa #$Collection. bfa4fe8c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg isa ternary predicate Those instances of both #$TernaryPredicate and #$ArgIsaPredicate used to specify the required #$isa of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required #$isa #$Collection. bfedab5d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg type binary predicate Those instances of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$ArgTypePredicate used to specify the required #$isa or #$genls or #$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the required type, a #$Collection or #$AttributeValue. beb5aba2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg type ternary predicate Those instances of both #$TernaryPredicate and #$ArgTypePredicate used to specify the required #$isa or #$genls or #$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required type: a #$Collection or an #$AttributeValue. c00a42b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 argument type checking - f o r t svs non reified n a t s Arg-type checking imposes somewhat weaker constraints on non-reified function terms than it does for forts (first order reified terms). Specifically, non-reified terms are required only to be consistent with arg-isa and arg-genls constraints using disjointness reasoning constraint is satisfied when no disjointness violation can be found. This is significantly weaker than the constraints imposed on forts: forts must provably satisfy applicable arg-isa and arg-genl constraints using isa and genls reasoning. bd6bae41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arms The collection of all animal arms. An #$Arm of an animal is one of its #$AnimalBodyParts, more particularly one of its appendages, a limb which it uses for manipulation moreso than for locomotion. A #$Hand is considered part of an #$Arm. bd58e9e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arm movement The collection of any movements of an arm that are generated by the #$Animal whose arm it is, through nerve impulses to the arm. Physically, an #$ArmMovement involves movement of the upper arm or elbow in relation to the body to which it is attached. bd58a69d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 regular armies The collection of all modern nation-states' armies (the whole branch of service). This sense of 'army' is different from an 'Army' or 'Army Group' in the sense of a military unit. It is customary to refer to very large military units in the fields as 'armies', e.g. the American 5th Army in the European Theater in WWII. This is not the sense being referred to here--'the Army' itself is intended. bf6e8301-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 army people A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who works for an #$Army-BranchOfSevice. bd58eecc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arrests A collection of events. In an instance of #$ArrestingSomeone, a law enforcement officer arrests another person, who is thereupon taken into custody (#$HeldCaptive). bd66906e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 works of art A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs). Each element of #$ArtObject is a tangible object that is a work, or a reproduction of a work, in one of the representational or plastic arts, such as a painting, sculpture, ceramic piece, quilt, stained glass composition, etc. #$ArtObject does NOT include plays, movies, music, performance art, or other activities. #$ArtObject is a subset of #$InformationBearingObject, but its elements need not have propositional content, although they may. Examples of #$ArtObject: the #$StatueOfLiberty, the Mona Lisa, a poster reproduction of Van Gogh's `Starry Night', Rodin's `Burghers of Calais', a piece of Ju ware from the Sung Dynasty, the windows of Chartres Cathedral, a series of prints by Picasso. bd58c7b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arthropods An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum whose #$taxonMembers include (mostly) the numerous collections of chitin-armored invertebrates that have jointed bodies and limbs, e.g., insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc. bd58b048-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 artifacts A collection of tangible things. An instance of #$Artifact is a tangible which was more or less intentionally created by an #$Agent (or a group of #$Agents working together) to serve some purpose or perform some function. By `created', we don't require that the matter itself be created, it is often just the result of some sort of assemblage or modification process, such as a wooden flute that's been whittled from a tree branch, a sawhorse that's been put together out of boards and nails, a coin that's been minted by embossing or by melting liquid silver into a mold, etc. Let's consider some positive and negative examples. In addition to the obvious human artifacts (buildings, tools, textiles, power lines), this collection includes certain sorts of things made by #$Animals, such as bird nests, termite mounds, and beaver dams. Something which just barely squeaks through the intended meaning of this concept is #$YaleUniversity. In addition to the abstract legal entity, it consists of a set of physical buildings, furnishings, etc. By contrast, an organization that had no headquarters building, equipment, tangible property, etc. would not be an artifact. Similarly, a fictional character such as Tom Sawyer is not an artifact (in the context of the story, Tom is not an artifact because he is a real boy; in the context of the real world, Tom is not an artifact because he has no tangible component whatsoever.) While some artifacts may be alive, or contain living subparts, we do not intend this collection to encompass all organisms which resulted from normal biological reproductive processes. Your child is not an artifact. If you do an oil painting of a house that is an artifact, but much more borderline is what you get if you take a rock and just paint it a solid color, say white. In general that won't be an artifact unless it serves some purpose, such as marking the shoulder of a roadway, but more questionable cases are if the purpose of the white rock is just `to be sold as art' or `to look pretty.' The white rock might thus be an artifact in certain contexts, but not in others. Not every instance of #$Path-Generic (q.v.) is necessarily an instance of #$Artifact. For example, some channels used for navigation may not be artifacts, because even though they are marked with human artifacts (i.e., channel markers) as locations where ships may safely travel, the channel itself may have been a naturally occurring pre-existing thing -- e.g., the #$EnglishChannel. If a #$ChannelOrStrait were produced or maintained only by constant dredging, it might count as an artifact. By contrast, each #$Canal, such as #$SuezCanal, is almost certain to be an #$Artifact. See also #$Product. bd5907fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 artifact - non agentive #$Artifact-NonAgentive is the collection of all artifacts that in no plausible, literal sense may be considered to have a kind of agency in ordinary, non-fictional, straightforward contexts -- i.e. they are not instances of #$Agent-Generic. (Exceptions within metaphorical, fanciful, or fictional context could supersede membership in this collection: when someone says, 'My hairdryer hates me', the hairdryer would not be an instance of #$Artifact-NonAgentive in that special context.) Example subcollections: #$StoneStuff, #$Air, #$Tooth, #$Caffeine. #$AgentiveArtifacts like #$Robots are excluded. bd8e4b86-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 artificial substances A collection of substances; a subset of #$Artifact. An instance of #$ArtificialMaterial is a portion of artificial stuff that was intentionally made by some agent(s), such as #$Plastic or #$SweetNLow. Since #$ArtificialMaterials are intentionally produced, this class does not normally include materials which are merely #$byProducts or #$wasteProducts of an intentional process. However, what is a byproduct at one time or in one context may be a useful material that would count as an instance of #$ArtificialMaterial in another. bd590222-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 asleep #$Asleep is the #$Alertness attribute of being asleep. #$Asleep is a specialization of #$Unconscious. (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1776) (#$alertnessLevel RipVanWinkle #$Asleep)). bd58a6ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 associative relation An important subset of #$Relation. Each element RELN of #$AssociativeRelation is a relationship such that the expressions (RELN A (RELN B C)) and (RELN (RELN A B) C) both have the same value or meaning; e.g., #$PlusFn, #$TimesFn, #$or, #$and. More generally, the truth of an asserted associative relation is unaffected by any change from one well-formed parenthesization of its use (on a given sequence of arguments) to another. c14862c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 astronomical objects A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$AstronomicalObject is an object of interest to astronomers, which includes the Earth along with other objects in outer space. Some, but not all, elements of #$AstronomicalObject belong to #$CelestialObject, the collection of heavenly bodies visible from earth. Examples: #$Polaris-TheStar, the #$Sun, #$PlanetSaturn. See also: #$HeavenlyBody. bd58d178-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 asymmetric binary predicate A collection of predicates; the subset of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate whose elements represent asymmetric relations. A predicate F is an element of #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and (F X Y) implies (#$not (F Y X)). For example, #$northOf, #$children, #$greaterThan, #$overrides. Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations. bd6561fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mental events A collection of events. Each event that is an instance of #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent has an actor or group of actors (see #$actors) whose mental functions are involved. The collection includes such things as dreaming, perceiving, sensing, theorizing about something, having a realization, making a decision, building, designing something, and consciously carrying out a task. Some of those examples are actions as well as events (see #$doneBy or #$performedBy). Note that the above list includes both purposeful events and non-purposeful events that involve mental functions. Note also that any event that has a mental component is also an instance of this collection so that events like preparing lunch would be classified as instances of #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent. It is almost always possible and preferable to use one of the specs of #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent. If an event seems mostly mental in nature, modulo neurons firing and related brain activity, use #$StrictlyMentalEvent or one of its specs. If it essentially involves both mental and physical activity, see #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent or #$PurposefulCompositePhysicalAndMentalActivity. For mental events that are intentionally and purposefully performed, see the subset #$PurposefulMentalActivity. bd588615-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 athletes A collection of persons. Each element of #$Athlete is a person who trains to compete in contests involving physical agility, stamina, or strength. In the #$JobMt, #$Athlete is a subset of #$Professional (q.v.), and hence in that microtheory represents the collection of professional athletes. bd58befb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 athletic activities Any athletic activity, i.e. one which involves physical exertion and tends to require strength and stamina. Not just limited to competitive sports events. Also includes spelunking, or going for a jog, or shooting a few hoops. be01fe5d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 the Atlantic Ocean The main body of salt water primarily in the #$WesternHemisphere-Region, bordering on five #$Continents (or three #$TrueContinents -- Western coasts of Europe and Africa, Antarctica, Eastern coasts of North and South America). bd5901d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 atoms A collection of microscopic-scale objects. Each instance of #$Atom has one atomic nucleus and some number of electrons. As a default, we assume that an instance of #$Atom has no net charge, i.e., that it has as many instances of #$Electrons as it does of #$Protons in its #$AtomicNucleus; but note there are exceptions, e.g., those which are instances of #$Ion. bd5891ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nuclei A collection of objects; a subset of #$MicroscopicScaleObject. Each instance of #$AtomicNucleus is an object composed of some definite number of instances of #$Proton and some definite number of instances of #$Neutron. Instances of the collection #$Atom are each composed of one member of #$AtomicNucleus and some number of electrons. bd58a3d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 attribute type A collection of collections. Each element of #$AttributeType is a collection of attributes. Each element of #$AttributeType is a subset of #$AttributeValue (q.v.). Examples include #$SensoryAttribute, #$BodyPartPosition, #$OrientationAttribute, #$SecurityClearanceLevel, #$ComputerVideoResolution, #$ForceVector, and many more. bd590364-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 attributes The set of all attributes represented in Cyc. #$AttributeValue includes quantities, such as 5 inches (i.e., (#$Inch 5)) or 1000 dollars per year (i.e., (#$DollarsPerYear 1000)), as well as qualities like #$Hilly, #$Rough, #$DeviceOn, etc., which can be used to make assertions about the state of some tangible object. bd5880c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sounds A collection of events; a subset of #$Sound. Each element of #$AudibleSound is a sound within the #$Frequency range of human hearing. bd5906fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 audio-communicating events A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$AudioCommunicating is a transmission of sound-borne information between two (or more) agents; e.g., talking, clapping, or performing music. bd58c907-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 August The collection of all Augusts, the eighth month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar. bd58c170-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Australia Australia, the country that occupies the #$ContinentOfAustralia (and also #$TasmaniaIslandAustralia) dividing the eastern #$IndianOcean from the southwestern #$PacificOcean. In the #$DualistGeopoliticalMt, this constant includes both physical and political aspects of Australia. bd5894b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 authorized agreements The collection of generic agreements that are authorized by one of the agreeing parties (typically by the issuer of the document embodying the agreement). #$AuthorizedAgreements are generic in the sense that their authorizing agents are party to many similar agreements; for that reason, an #$AuthorizedAgreement is typically given a unique identification number. Examples: bank accounts, driver's licenses, stock certificates. bd58b01c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 car dealerships Each instance is an establishment (an organization located at one site) that sells automobiles and other types of road vehicles to consumers. bd58eed7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cars A collection of transportation devices -- those commonly known as `passenger cars.' An instance of #$Automobile is an element of #$RoadVehicle which was designed for carrying about 4 passengers (give or take a factor of 2). In addition to midsize cars, #$Automobile includes elements belonging to the subsets #$SportsCar, #$PickupTruck and #$Van. This collection does NOT include motorcycles, buses, tractors, etc. bd5895c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 awake #$Awake is the #$Alertness attribute of being awake. bd58a5fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 backs The collection of all the entire back sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces in the backwards direction. bd59048d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 backward - assertion direction The backward direction for Cyc assertions; the assertion is not forward propagated. bd674278-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 baked The attribute #$Baked is a specialized form of #$Cooked. Food that is #$Baked has been prepared in an event of #$BakingFood, using a $#RegularOven. bd5886dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 baking food A collection of events in which food is baked in a #$RegularOven. After an event of #$BakingFood, the food involved has been #$Baked. bd58aed0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 balconies A specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction whose instances are balconies in the style of those overhanging levels sometimes found in churches, theatres, etc. Such balconies are often approximately one-third the size of the floor or level below them, and therefore can be considered legitimate levels themselves. They usually contain a mob of seats. Note that this collection does _not_ include the kind of balcony that protrudes from a window or door on an already existing level. See also #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction and #$BasementLevelInAConstruction. bd5894f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Bangladesh Country near the eastern end of the Indian subcontinent, separated from #$Nepal by a narrow corridor of #$India, and sharing part of its border with #$Burma. Considered a part of India's territory during the period of British colonial rule. bd590173-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 debit cards A collection of official `documents'. Each element of #$BankDebitCard is a plastic card that enables the holder to access the account with which the card is associated; typically used to withdraw funds from the account. Cf. #$CreditCard. c0fd4920-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 barters The collection of transactions between two #$Agents in which one #$Agent gives items or services to another #$Agent, and the other #$Agent gives items or services in return, and neither of the items or services is money, credit, or payment of money. bd58b2e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 base k b #$BaseKB is the most general #$Microtheory currently in use. Assertions in this context are `accessible' from any other #$Microtheory via the #$genlMt relation. In the partial order of microtheories, all microtheories have access to #$BaseKB. An assertion which is true here will by default be true in every context. The `content' of #$BaseKB consists of very general assertions which are expected to be usable in most or all applications of Cyc, as well as Cyc's most fundamental assertions that it uses in inference, and all completely universal, timeless truths. bd588111-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 basements A specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction whose instances are below ground level. See also #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction and #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction. bd58ce1a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 battles The collection of events in which two or more large groups of #$Persons meet and fight one another, each group seeking to vanquish (some of) the others. #$Battles are often conducted by #$MilitaryOrganizations, and they may influence the outcomes of #$WagingWar. A #$Battle will have as #$subEvents at least two #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent events, in which one of the fighting groups attacks the other. bd58aeb0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 beam shaped The attribute shared by all objects that have the attribute #$Rectangular3DShaped and for which one dimension is many times greater than the other two dimensions. c138a988-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Belgium Belgium, a small #$IndependentCountry in the west of the #$ContinentOfEurope. It is a kingdom. The constant includes the nation of Belgium as it has existed throughout time, including both its physical and its political aspects. bd58df47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 systems of belief The collection of ideologies (systems of belief) in terms of which an agent characterizes (i.e., makes sense of) their world. Elements of this set include: #$VegetarianBeliefs, #$GermanNaziIdeology, #$RepublicanPartyIdeology, #$CommunistIdeology, #$PacifistIdeology, #$Atheism, etc. See also #$ConventionalClassificationSystem. bd58bd47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 belief system type The collection of all the kinds of #$BeliefSystems: religious, philosophical, political, ethical, cultural, and scientific. Some elements of this collection include #$Religion, #$PhilosophyBeliefs, etc. The most general member of this set is #$BeliefSystems (qv). bd590588-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bendable A physical attribute. #$Bendable is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of an object that tends to stay in the contorted shape when contorted. Note: for something to be bendable, it must be #$Flexible. bd58874c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Asamiya Language spoken in the Indic area. bd58cf7c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bicycles The collection of all bicycles, personal wheeled transport devices powered by human peddling. Most Bicycles have two main wheels arranged in-line, but some tandem bicycles have more than two wheels. bd58e8d0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bidirected path system An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a subcollection of #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem. For each instance SYS of #$BidirectedPathSystem, every link in SYS is given two directions. beffe753-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bilaterally symmetric object The collection of objects which are symmetric on both sides of a bisecting axis, as are most vertebrates. bd58b94b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bills A collection of documents. Each element of #$Bill-PaymentRequest is a notification, demand, or request made by a creditor (or its agent) to a debtor, for payment of a debt previously incurred for some loan, goods, or services. Examples: telephone bills, tax bills, department store bills, cleaning bills, fuel bills. bd58d7b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 billing locations A collection of places; a subset of #$ContactLocation. Each element of #$BillingLocation is a location to which invoices are sent. For most private individuals, their billing location is their home address. be0184e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 binary function #$BinaryFunction is the collection of all Cyc functions which take two arguments. c0e7247c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 binary predicates #$BinaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc predicates which take two arguments. bd588102-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 binary relation The collection of all #$Relations of arity 2 in CycL. This collection was created in order to implement automatic conclusion of arity for relations in CycL, regardless of whether they are predicates or functions. be75c8f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bio deterioration resistance A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$BioDeteriorationResistance represents a specific capacity of a tangible object to resist biological deterioration. Degrees of #$BioDeteriorationResistance may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$BioDeteriorationResistance with the predicate #$resistanceToBioDeterioration. be00bf59-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 catabolisms A collection of events. Each #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent involve the destruction of larger molecules. E.g., the degradation of glucose into carbon dioxide and water, which releases energy used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate). bd58ef47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 classes The collection of taxonomic subdivisions directly under #$BiologicalPhylum (for animals and for the animal-like organisms in the #$ProtistaKingdom), or #$BiologicalDivision (for the plants and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom). bd58974c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological decomposition event A collection of events. In each #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent, some living structures are decomposed. bd58b294-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological destruction event A collection of events. In each element of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent, something is destroyed by some element(s) of #$BiologicalLivingObject. For example, #$DigestingInStomach is a subset of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent. bd58b316-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological development event A collection of events, and a subset of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvents. In each #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent, one or more living things undergo biological changes in which they progress from one developmental stage to another. For example, the germination of a seed, the opening of a flower, the pupating of a caterpillar, a teenager reaching puberty. Some borderline non-examples include: Groucho Marx being born, Groucho Marx dying. bd58d906-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 divisions The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom) for the members of the #$MoneraKingdom (i.e., prokaryotes), #$Fungus Kingdom, #$Plant Kingdom, and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. In the #$Animal Kingdom, however, the main taxonomic subdivisions are elements of #$BiologicalPhylum (q.v.) rather than #$BiologicalDivision. bd58978f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological processes An event in which a biological thing is a #$bodilyDoer. bd5902b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 taxonomic families The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalOrder (or #$BiologicalSuborder) and above #$BiologicalGenus. Especially important in Botanical classification. bd58cb2c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 genera The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalFamily and above #$BiologicalSpecies. Sometimes, hybrids are possible between different instances of #$BiologicalSpecies that belong to the same #$BiologicalGenus. bd589a9f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological intake event A collection of processes. In each element of #$BiologicalIntakeEvent, some object(s) are taken into some living structure. bd588866-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 kingdoms The collection of the highest, most general taxonomic divisions of organisms. Traditionally, it has included the elements of #$Animal and of #$Plant and may include separate kingdoms for the elements of #$ProkaryoticCell, single-celled eukaryotes (protists), and fungi. bd58989a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 living things A collection of all structures that are composed of one or more living cells (see #$Cell). Biological living objects (BLOs) may be either elements of #$Organism-Whole (like dogs or pine trees) or are components of such whole organisms (like noses, tails, and pine needles). The healthy leg of a living person is a BLO (as is the person), but an amputated leg is not a BLO. Every element of #$BiologicalLivingObject is either capable of biological reproduction itself or has components which are capable of biological reproduction (such as the cells in a living arm). bd58a6ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological metabolism event The collection of biological processes in which substrates are converted into metabolites. The metabolites may be more or less complex than the substrates. bd58ee48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 orders The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalClass (or #$BiologicalSubclass) and above #$BiologicalFamily. bd58e329-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 phyla The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom if present) for the #$Animal kingdom and for the animal-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. The other elements of #$BiologicalKingdom have divisions belonging to #$BiologicalDivision instead of Phyla (Phyla is the plural of Phylum). bd589813-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological production event A collection of events. In each element of #$BiologicalProductionEvent, raw materials are combined to produce a product, and some element(s) of #$BiologicalLivingObject is the producer. E.g., the production of honey by honeybees, the growth of a seedling into a tree, the secretion of sweat by a marathon runner, etc. Note: This is a very general collection, and for most purposes one of its subsets will better capture what is intended. bd58c40f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 procreations A collection of events. Each element of #$BiologicalReproductionEvent is an event in which one or more biological organisms (the #$parentActors) produce new organisms (the #$offspringActors) generally of the same kind as the parents. bd58d8c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 species A collection of the lowest taxons (#$BiologicalTaxon, q.v.) that are necessarily common to both parents of fertile offspring, or, in the case of asexual reproduction, necessarily common to parent and child. Members of different species cannot produce fertile offspring by interbreeding. An element of #$BiologicalSpecies has members who all have significant traits in common, and members of each biological species have other members as parents. In biological taxonomy, related species are grouped into a particular element of #$BiologicalGenus (q.v.). bd58caeb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 subclasses The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions more specific than #$BiologicalClass but more general than #$BiologicalOrder. bd58cba7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological subfamily The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalFamily and above #$BiologicalGenus. bf7063f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 subkingdoms The collection of biological subkingdoms, the biological taxonomic divisions of organisms immediately below #$BiologicalKingdom. bd589857-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological suborder The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalOrder and above #$BiologicalFamily. bdf83894-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological subphylum A collection of #$BiologicalTaxons that is more restrictive than #$BiologicalPhylum. All instances of a particular #$BiologicalSubspecies have significant traits or collections of traits in common which are not shared by all other members of the same #$BiologicalPhylum. bed637c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 subspecies A collection of #$BiologicalTaxons that is more restrictive than #$BiologicalSpecies. Members of different subspecies can produce fertile offspring by interbreeding, but the offspring are not members of the parental subspecies although they are members of the common #$BiologicalSpecies. All instances of a particular #$BiologicalSubspecies have significant traits or collections of traits in common which are not shared by all other members of the same #$BiologicalSpecies. A #$BiologicalSubspecies is formed by inbreeding of a restricted group of members of a single species. This can happen naturally through geographic isolation or intentionally through controlled reproduction to create, for example, #$Dog breeds or crop strains. c0b6222b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 taxonomic groups The collection of ranked categories accepted by biologists for the biological classification of organisms according to their suspected evolutionary relationships. Includes all levels of taxons. See also #$BiologicalTaxonType and #$OrganismClassificationType. bd58e2e8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological taxon type A collection of collections of collections; #$BiologicalTaxonType contains the classes of organism types (i.e., taxons) that biologists recognize, including #$BiologicalSpecies, #$BiologicalPhylum, etc. The naive classes that non-biologists use may be instances of some element of #$BiologicalTaxonType, though often they are not. When they coincide, the commonsense class of organism (e.g., #$Person) is an instance of some #$BiologicalTaxonType (#$BiologicalSpecies, for example). See also #$OrganismClassificationType. bd588dc6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological transportation event The collection of processes involving living structures in which objects are transported. bd58fce2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 birds The collection of birds; a subset of #$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Bird is an air-breathing, warm-blooded animal, covered with feathers, having forelimbs modified as wings and a beak rather than teeth. Members of most, but not all, species of bird can fly. #$Bird is an instance of #$BiologicalClass. bd58bc48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 births The collection of events in which one animal (prototypically, a #$Mammal) gives birth to another. The mother is the #$birthParent and the child is the #$birthChild. Both are #$objectOfStateChange; the mother goes from being pregnant to not pregnant (therefore a #$BirthEvent is an instance of #$PregnancyEndingEvent), while the child changes from being inside the mother and relying on the mother for nutritional, respiratory, and excretory needs (called in CYC the #$Embryo life stage, although different English terms apply to different stages of in utero development in mammals and not all of these terms apply to live-born #$Fish) to the #$JuvenileAnimal life stage (see #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment). bd58b30c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 blimps The collection of all dirigible, motorized, lighter-than-air craft (airships). Each generally consists of a gas-filled gas-sack from which a control and passenger cabin hangs (the gas-sack may or may not have rigid reinforcement such as ribs). A BlimpTheAirship flies more slowly than an #$Airplane. They are also called blimps, dirigibles and Zeppelins. bd5892ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 working class An attribute; an element of #$JobAttribute. Blue collar jobs are those requiring a relatively high proportion of manual/physical labor. bd58ca03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 workmen A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$BlueCollarWorker is a person whose occupation is manual-labor intensive, sometimes demanding physical strength and, in some jobs, considerable skill, practical judgment, and work experience. Types of blue-collar workers include miners, truck drivers, steelworkers, construction workers, agricultural workers, laborers, mechanics, garbage collectors, assembly line workers, janitorial workers, etc. Their jobs may require some specialized training or apprenticeship but don't require a college degree. bd58aecd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bodily function events The collection of animal activities that, from an evolutionary standpoint, the body of the doer was 'designed' to do, and that are instances of action types that can be and often are done without conscious volition. It includes dreaming but not rational thought, and breathing but not holding one's breath. If an instance of #$BodilyFunctionEvent involves the doer moving all or part of its body, either volitionally or as a reflex, it is also an instance of #$BodyMovementEvent. bd58f3d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 involuntary bodily functions This is the subset of #$BodilyFunctionEvent whose elements are actions in which the `doer' is, by definition, a #$nonDeliberateActors. Specializations (subsets) of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary include #$HavingASeizure, #$Blushing, #$Bleeding, #$ExperiencingHunger, etc. Note: if the `doer' of an involuntary bodily function is an #$Organism-Whole, then use #$bodilyDoer to describe its role in the event. bd59f763-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 body movements The collection of activities in which an #$Animal agent moves a part of its own body, whether consciously and intentionally or reflexively. #$BodyMovementEvent includes subsets such as #$TakingAStep, #$BlockingAPunch, #$Hiccoughing, and #$BlinkingOnesEyes. bd58f6e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bodies of water A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$BodyOfWater is a natural or artificial body of water. Elements may belong to specialized subsets such as #$Lake, #$Stream, and #$Ocean. #$BodyOfWater includes reservoirs, #$Canals, and navigation channels that are developed and/or enlarged by humans. However, it does not include smaller purely-artificial bodies of water such as #$SwimmingPools or tanks of water. Examples of #$BodyOfWater: #$HudsonBay, #$PanamaCanal, #$AdriaticSea, #$BayOfBengal, #$NiagaraFalls. bd5884fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 body positions The collection of attributes describing the position of a body part (or a whole body). A #$BodyPartPosition may be determined relative to the body's environment (as with #$Postures) or merely with respect to the body part itself (e.g., #$Flexed, #$Extended). bd5907ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 boiling events A collection of events. In each #$Boiling, a piece of liquid matter is raised to its #$boilingPoint and is thereby changed from being in the #$LiquidStateOfMatter to being in the #$GaseousStateOfMatter. Note: this is not intended to cover the cases of heat/evacuation causing a solid to sublime directly into a gas. bd589c37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 books A collection of #$ConceptualWorks. Instantiations may be either hardcopy or electronic. Traditional hardcopy instantiations are instances of #$BookCopy, but in the later half of the Twentieth Century of the Common Era additional formats were created (books on (audio) tape, computer media containing instantiations of textual computer files, etc. Instances of #$Book-CW are usually #$TextualMaterial, but some may contain only arrangements of images. bd58e6ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 book generic - c w A collection of #$ConceptualWorks. Instantiations may be either hardcopy or electronic. Traditional hardcopy instantiations are instances of #$BookCopy, but in the later half of the Twentieth Century of the Common Era additional formats were created (books on (audio) tape, computer media containing instantiations of textual computer files, etc. Instances of #$Book-CW are usually #$TextualMaterial, but some may contain only arrangements of images. c0290c9b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bookkeeping mt A #$Microtheory for stating basic #$Cyc bookkeeping information, such as assertions using #$myCreator and #$myCreationTime. beaed5bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bookkeeping predicates A collection of predicates. Each element of #$BookkeepingPredicate is a predicate used to form assertions about the creation and internal representation of a Cyc constant. Bookkeeping predicates neither specify nor constrain the semantics of Cyc constants. Examples: #$myCreator, #$myCreationTime, #$termOfUnit, #$multiplicationUnits, #$defnSufficient. bd5880ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 borders The collection of all lines, linear regions, or dividing planes or surfaces--physical or abstract--that each constitutes the boundary between (#$formsBorderBetween) two regions (i.e., two elements of #$SpatialThing). bd62894d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 boredom A state of dissatisfaction, weariness, or restlessness accompanied by a lack of interest. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Apathy. bd58a612-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 borrowing events A collection of events; a subset of #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights. In an instance of #$BorrowingSomething, an #$Agent takes temporary control of something, usually with the permission of its owner(s). Generally, the lending agent expects the borrowing agent to use the object for one of its normal functions (#$intendedBehaviorCapable). bd58cf42-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 botanical organs A subset of #$PlantPart, the collection #$BotanicalOrgan includes parts of a plant which are major morphological and functional divisions of individual plants, typically consisting of stems, flowers, roots, leaves, etc. bd58f8f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 undersides The collection of all the entire bottom sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces down. bd58d673-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 brains The collection of all #$Animal brains. An individual #$Brain is an #$Organ which controls most bodily movement, receives sensory input from the body and objects outside the body, and in which the mind operates, being the locus for all #$MentalSituations. bd58d3eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Brazil Brazil throughout time, both political and physical aspects. bd588f01-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 breathing events A collection of activities constituting a natural #$PhysiologicalFunction; #$Breathing is the collection of #$AirRespiration events in which the respiring organism takes air into its internal #$Lungs, where the gas exchange occurs. See also #$Respiration. bd58b773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 brittle A physical attribute. #$Brittle is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of a substance which breaks easily when subjected to a low or moderate impact or application of force, such as most instances of #$Glass. bd58d4cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 broad microtheory The collection of those microtheories that contain so many assertions that they are not useful for `relevance' focusing during inference. (A #$BroadMicrotheory is not used internally in Cyc's indexing scheme during inference.) Examples: #$BaseKB and #$EnglishMt. bd5c0498-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 broadcast - co a b s The collection of instances of requests for problem resolution that are posted on the CoABS grid. An instance of #$Broadcast-CoABS will have to include the #$GridAddress-CoABS of the broadcaster, who can then assemble a #$Community-CoABS of agents to solve the problem. A #$Broadcast-CoABS together with a broadcaster forms a degenerate instance of #$Community-CoABS. bf84c310-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 buildings A collection of artifacts; a subset of #$FixedStructure and of #$HumanShelterConstruction. An instance of #$Building is typically a substantial structure and must have walls and a roof, with rooms inside or at least some area designed to be occupied by humans (but not necessarily as a residence). Examples include the Empire State Building, Michael Jackson's house in L.A., King Arthur's castle, an #$AircraftHangar at O'Hare, a #$Lighthouse in the Mediterranean sea, the #$SydneyOperaHouse, the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC, etc. bd58fb28-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 building material A collection of tangible things. An instance of #$BuildingMaterial is a material thing typically used in making new structures. Instances of #$BuildingMaterial include a piece of lumber, a brick, a slab of concrete, a roof shingle, a copper nail, a double-paned storm window, etc. c10af48b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 buses The collection of all buses, transport vehicles for ground transportation of many (they have room for at least 10, probably fewer than 60) people. A bus usually is driven by a professional bus driver. bd58b4bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bushes A collection of plants; a subset of #$Plant-Woody. The collection #$Bush includes all bushes, i.e., woody plants of branching growth habit that lack substantial trunks and are not usually taller than a person (and they are shorter than most specimens of #$Tree-ThePlant). This is a commonsense collection without distinct boundaries. bd589a2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 businesses The collection of #$Organizations intended to make profits, i.e., make money for agents that own them. All #$Businesses are #$CommercialOrganizations (they must buy or sell something), but not all #$CommercialOrganizations are #$Businesses. In a franchise #$Organization, the #$parentCompany is regarded as a #$Business, while the #$subOrganizations are merely instances of #$CommercialOrganization. #$Businesses are typically #$LegalAgents, while #$CommercialOrganizations need not be. bd58d036-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 business events A collection of events. Each element of #$BusinessEvent is an intentional occurrence that is closely associated with, and either helps or hinders, the business purpose of some agent. Examples include: the development of General Motors' business plan for 1996; an individual sales call on a particular customer; printing the 1996 Yellow Pages directory for the Austin, TX, area; selling a newspaper; designing and manufacturing a new memory chip. #$BusinessEvent does NOT include purely social or recreational occurrences. bd588c38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 businesspeople A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$BusinessPerson is a person whose occupation is primarily in the ownership and/or operation of a business. c0fcd0ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 activities in a business relationship A collection of events; a subset of both #$BusinessEvent and #$SocialOccurrence. Each instance of #$BusinessRelationshipActivity is a (usually long-term) social activity whose participants are related by some business relationship. The social events constituting a #$BusinessRelationshipActivity further, either directly or indirectly, the (usually mutual) business interests of the participants. A #$BusinessRelationshipActivity is typically carried out over multiple social occasions and may consist of many #$subEvents. c10afcc8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 purchases A collection of events. Each element of #$Buying is an event in which an agent voluntarily pays to acquire something tangible or intangible, or for the performance of a service, which another agent sells in the event. Payment may be in money or other exchange of wealth. Elements of #$Buying may include #$subEvents of negotiation, the act of paying, and the transfer of the purchased thing to the buyer. Examples of #$Buying include: purchasing fighter jets for the Navy; buying a Pepsi from a vending machine; ordering dinner at a restaurant; acquiring a personal life insurance policy for oneself; mail-ordering clothes from Sears; shopping at a farmers' market. bd58cbda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 buying activities A collection of events. #$BuyingActivity very generally includes events related to purchasing goods or services. Each element of #$BuyingActivity is an event that is either (i) a common prelude to buying (i.e., the kinds of activities that contribute to their doers becoming buyers), or (ii) an element of #$Buying itself. Examples of #$BuyingActivity include shopping for, or ordering, something very specific, and also general expressions of interest in purchasing something, such as placing an `Item Wanted' ad in a newspaper. bd588f8e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 centimeter-gram-second units of measure A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$CGSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the CGS (i.e., centimeter-gram-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$CentimetersPerSecond, #$CubicCentimeter, #$Gram, #$SecondsDuration. bd589a3d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 autumns The calendar season that begins at autumnal equinox and runs until winter solstice. be011790-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 centuries The collection of centuries that make up the calendar (1900's, 1700's etc.) An example of such a constant in Cyc is #$TheNineteenthCenturyAD bd58b8f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar covering type #$CalendarCoveringType is a collection of collections. An element CC of #$CalendarCoveringType is itself a collection, a type of time interval, such that the union of all the instances of CC would completely cover all of time without overlap. Thus, #$CalendarYear is a #$CalendarCoveringType because all of time consists of a sequence of non-overlapping #$CalendarYears. Similarly #$CalendarMonth, #$CalendarDay, #$CalendarHour, etc. Notice that #$Monday and #$December are NOT instances of #$CalendarCoveringType, because all of time is not a sequence of Mondays, or Decembers. Also notice that a collection Week -- defined as the set of all seven-day-long-periods-of-time -- would not be an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, since several different Weeks could overlap; e.g., the week beginning today and the week beginning yesterday and the week beginning tomorrow. bd58a30c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 days The collection of days that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its elements is Thursday, August 1, 1996. bd58de08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decades The collection of decades that make up the calendar; e.g., #$The1970s. bd58b937-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar half centuries The collection of exact half-centuries on the calendar, such as #$FirstHalfOf20thCenturyAD c0f71f9e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar hours The collection of hours that make up the calendar. These are contiguous and disjoint time intervals, except of course for particular instances that represent exactly the same 60-minute-long time interval. See #$CalendarDay. bd58933b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar minutes The collection of minutes that make up the calendar. These are contiguous and disjoint time intervals, except of course for particular instances that represent exactly the same 60-second-long time interval. See #$CalendarDay. Sixty of these partition each #$CalendarHour bd58b9fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 months The collection of months that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its subsets is #$February, which is the set of all Februaries; one of its elements is February 1992 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1992)), a particular time interval. bd58c029-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar quarters The collection of calendar quarters that divide up a calendar year into four parts. For each year, the first of its four quarters includes January, February, and March; the second includes April, May, and June, and so on. c10ae4c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar seasons This is the set of all calendar seasons. Four of its largest subsets are #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn be0114e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 seasons This is the collection whose four elements are #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn. be01141f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 seconds The collection of seconds that make up the calendar. Sixty of these #$TimeIntervals contiguously divide up each #$CalendarMinute (qv) bd58823e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 springs The calendar season that begins at vernal equinox and runs until summer solstice. be011735-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 summers The calendar season that begins at summer solstice and runs until autumnal equinox. be011768-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 weeks The collection of weeks that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its elements is WeekOf2-14-1994. bd58c064-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 winters The calendar season that begins at winter solstice and runs until vernal equinox. be0116f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar years The collection of years that make up the calendar. For example, #$TheYear1972, #$TheYear494BC. bd58f257-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calm A feeling of calmness or serenity, being quiet and free from disturbance. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Calm. bd58892c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 canals The collection of all canals, artificial waterways created to be paths for boats, or for irrigation (e.g., the #$PanamaCanal). bd58f371-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cancer The collection of all particular cases of cancer. Instances of #$Cancer may belong to any one of the many different types of disease that are studied and treated by oncologists. Cancer is characterized by abnormal (and usually rapid) growth of cells in some organ or system of the body; these growths are then prone to dispersal (metastesis) into other body regions. See also #$CancerFn --- the expression (#$CancerFn #$Lung) represents a subset of #$Cancer, namely the set of all lung cancers. c0fd6a1a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 canoes The collection of all canoes, small, narrow watercraft that are powered by human paddling, poling or by a small boat-engine. bd58ab49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 capacity attribute A collection of attributes. Each element of #$CapacityAttribute is an attribute representing a specific capacity in which an agent does an action. For example, an action might be done as an agent's job (#$JobCapacity) or hobby (#$HobbyCapacity), as its main function (#$MainFunction) or an auxiliary function (#$SupportFunction). bd59013f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 capitals A collection of cities. Each element of #$CapitalCityOfRegion is an element of #$City (q.v.) that is the capital of its surrounding region. This includes both capitals of countries and capitals of subregions. Examples: #$CityOfRomeItaly, #$CityOfCardiffWales, #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfAbidjanIvoryCoast, #$CityOfLhasaTibet, #$CityOfColumbusOH (#$FranklinCountyOhio). See also #$capitalCity, #$capitalCityOfThisState. bd58f295-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 captive animals The collection of all animals that are caged, tied, kept in an animal container, or otherwise held captive. There is some intersection here with #$DomesticPet, but not complete. Some elements of #$Person are members of #$CaptiveAnimal, e.g., political detainees, imprisoned criminals, kidnap victims. c100573e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 apprehensions A collection of events. In an instance of #$CapturingAnimal, an #$Agent takes physical control of a (human or non-human) animal. This collection includes trapping animals, kidnapping people (or animals), and also what the police do after they arrest a person for a crime. The animal may or may not be taken alive. bd5c0f37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cards A collection of objects; a subcollection of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each element of #$Card is a small, sturdy sheet of stuff--usually cardstock paper, but could be plastic or thin metal--bearing some kind of information. Some kinds are folded. Examples: #$CreditCard, #$BusinessCard, and #$PostCard. Note that electronic objects that perform some of the same functions are not subcollections of #$Card. c0fd456f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cargo vessels The collection of all cargo ships, i.e., ships that by design can transport a large amount of goods. See also #$TankerShip. c1009191-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 carnivores A #$Collection of organisms classified by their typical source of food. Elements of #$Carnivore feed on animals. Note: #$Carnivore is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon; e.g., #$Carnivore contains #$Dog as a subset but is not its biological taxon. Note that a #$Carnivore is not necessarily a #$Heterotroph, as carnivorous plants both digest insects and produce food using #$Chlorophyll. bd5904f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events of causing another object's translational motion A collection of events. In an instance of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion, one object causes another object to undergo a translational motion. The object causing the motion is the #$providerOfMotiveForce. The object which is caused to move is the #$objectActedOn (and also the #$objectMoving) in the event. One way to cause another object's motion is by carrying it along with one (see the subset #$CarryingWhileLocomoting), but there are many others, such as throwing, kicking, or knocking it away. Some elements of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion may be elements of #$Translation-Complete (such as elements of #$CarryingWhileLocomoting) whereas others (such as elements of #$PumpingFluid) may be elements of #$Translation-Flow. Examples: a train transporting passengers; a person pushing a coin into a vending machine; the release of a bowstring which propels an arrow; a magnet attracting a nail. bd58d844-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cavities The collection of all cavities, including #$Crevices, deep concavities or holes, and cavities of containers (e.g. the interior of a box). Instances of #$Cavity, unlike those of its specialization #$CavityInteriorRegion, can include walls as parts, in which case they are instances of #$CavityWithWalls. Instances of #$Cavity, unlike those of #$Container, do not have well defined outside walls. bd5891a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interiors The collection of space regions that constitute cavities inside the walls or boundaries of solid objects. Such regions need not be completely sealed off. As a space region, an instance of #$CavityInteriorRegion is intangible, and thus not to be confused with the partially tangible matter that might fill or occupy it (see #$CavityInteriorContent). See also #$Cavity, whose instances, unlike those of #$CavityInteriorRegion, can include walls (in which cases they are also instances of #$CavityWithWalls). bd58a8e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ceilings The collection of all ceilings of every instance of #$RoomInAConstruction. Note that, unlike walls, ceilings are conventionally considered to be 'one-sided' objects. The other side of a #$CeilingOfARoom may be a #$RoofOfAConstruction, or in a #$ModernShelterConstruction, more probably the #$FloorInAConstruction in another room. bd58f743-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cells The collection of living cells; a subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each element of #$Cell is one of the basic structural units of nearly all living things, consisting (at least) of cytoplasm bounded by a cell membrane. Only the living structures viruses, mitochondria, and plastids are not composed of cells. bd58ee63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cell parts The collection of structures which are typically found and formed as parts of #$Cells. This covers components of both #$EukaryoticCells and #$ProkaryoticCells. It includes organelles, vesicles, cell walls, extracellular matrix, plasma membranes, receptors, cellular humours, microtubules, etc. c10c2471-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cereals The food group consisting of grain products such as breads and cereals. Food that contains a significant amount of grain products should be specs of this. bd58ccbd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cereal plants The collection of individual plants like corn, wheat, etc., which bear grains. bd589beb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chains A collection of organizations. An element of #$ChainOrganization is a parent business which comes into contact with its customers or clients primarily through its geographically dispersed sub-organizations, which typically are (mostly) homogeneous in product line, style of physical quarters, local organizational structure, etc. Examples include the parent organizations of McDonald's and Midas Muffler. bd58e960-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 change in user rights A collection of events. Each element of #$ChangeInUserRights is an event in which some instance of #$Agent either gains or loses possession of something. `Possession' means having some right to use a thing that one has in hand or otherwise has access to. Different types of possession (e.g., ownership, rental, borrowings) can be specified by the using the appropriate element(s) of #$UserRightsAttribute (q.v.). Changes in an agent's user rights can come about in various ways: through buying and selling, renting, borrowing or lending, giving, repossession, etc. Some subsets of this kind of change are #$LosingUserRights, #$GainingUserRights, and #$ExchangeOfUserRights; in the latter class, there is an alteration in the rights of two (or more) agents to use two (or more) items -- as in a purchase, when one agent gets full use rights to an object by turning over a sum of money to the object's previous owner. In addition, some changes in user rights are classified explicitly in #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights (e.g., borrowing, renting), while others are permanent. Events that involve such changes in user rights all belong in the collection of events, #$ChangeInUserRights. In any particular #$ChangeInUserRights event, the item which is changing hands is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer. bd5e7431-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 changes of device state The collection of actions in which a device goes from one state (the #$fromState) to another state (the #$toState). A change of #$DeviceState may be due to an outside #$Agent adjusting a device, or it may happen automatically due to the behavior of a device. The two most general state changes (for powered devices) are from #$DeviceOn to #$DeviceOff, and vice versa. Many other states peculiar to specific devices can be identified; for example, the states of a #$Dishwasher: #$DeviceState-Washing and #$DeviceState-Rinsing; or the states that a trapping device may be in: #$TrapArmed, #$TrapTripped, #$TrapIdle. Note that a change in the state of a device is an intrinsic change in the device; i.e., #$ChangingDeviceState is a subset of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent. bd58d12d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 character sequences The collection of all strings of characters (in any languages or in no known language). Each element of the collection #$CharacterString is a string of characters or an abstract sequence of symbols. Note: it is NOT any particular physical, tangible representation; different encodings may represent the characters. An element of #$CharacterString has characters from some fixed character set. The characters are instances of #$Character-Abstract. An element of #$CharacterString may be any length, including zero (i.e., empty strings, which have no characters). If elements of #$CharacterString are concatenated, the result is also an element of #$CharacterString. The length of the resulting string is equal to the sum of the lengths of the concatenated strings. Some types (subsets) of #$CharacterString include #$EMailAddress, #$AreaCode, #$PhoneNumber, #$PhoneCountryCode, etc. Note that a #$CharacterString is ordered formally as a #$List (rather than physically left-to-right or top-to-bottom); thus the 'first' character in the #$CharacterString for an Arabic word happens to be the rightmost (first pronounced) character, not the leftmost character, due to the letter-order and word-order convention for Arabic writing. bd6100db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 checks A collection of documents; a subset of #$TenderObject. Each element of #$Check-TenderObject is a financial instrument, drawn on a particular account at some instance of #$FinancialOrganization, which is redeemable for a monetary value by the agent who is the payee. The financial organization pays the payee funds from the account, upon proper presentation of the check. bd58cea8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chemical compounds A collection of collections; a subset of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType. Every instance of #$ChemicalCompoundType is a subset of #$TangibleThing whose instances are defined ONLY by their chemical composition, and not by their physical state or any other property. In Cyc's current representation, #$ChemicalCompoundTypes can be of two varieties: (1) Collections whose instances are completely uniform with each other in terms of chemical composition; this includes (a) the chemical elements -- such as #$Carbon, #$Oxygen, and #$Hydrogen -- which are instances of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons (thus, the latter is a subset of #$ChemicalCompoundType), and (b) compounds constituted of more than one substance chemically bonded, e.g., #$Water, #$Caffeine, and #$IronOxide. (2) Substances which have a general chemical specification, that is, whose instances do not have exactly the same chemical composition but fall within certain specifications, e.g., #$DNAStuff. Cyc's current theory includes those cases in #$ChemicalCompoundType, though they are arguably borderline. (Future work may require the creation of type collections to identify various levels of chemical specification, such as `exact formula' or `exact structure'.) Note: Collections which Cyc does NOT classify as #$ChemicalCompoundTypes include collections of substances which have some component which is of overriding significance in some context, so that in everyday language such substances are frequently referred to by the name of their important component (e.g., `penicillin' applied to a tablet containing penicillin), but which have significant admixtures of other substances. Our representation distinguishes between the chemical compound (here, instances of #$Penicillin) and the mixture of substances in a tablet containing some #$Penicillin for pharmaceutical use. Thus, #$Penicillin is an instance of #$ChemicalCompoundType, but the collection of tablets containing penicillin and including other ingredients are not. Also, subsets of #$Mixture, such as #$Lemonade, are not instances of #$ChemicalCompoundType, because mixtures are determined by their physical state rather than solely by their chemical composition. bd58cd95-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chemical objects A collection of objects; a subset of #$MicroscopicScaleObject. Each instance of #$ChemicalObject is an object whose behavior is typically described in terms of its outer cloud of #$Electrons. Subsets of #$ChemicalObject include the collections #$Atom and #$Molecule and #$Ion, the set of chemical radicals, and the set of molecular fragments. bd58916a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chemical reactions A collection of events; a subset of #$TransformationEvent. Each instance of #$ChemicalReaction is an event in which two or more substances undergo a chemical change, i.e., some portions of the substances involved are transformed into different #$ChemicalCompoundTypes. The transformations are brought about by purely chemical (including biochemical) means which affect chemical bonds between atoms in the molecules of stuff, rather than by physical means, biological means, or purposeful planning, etc. Examples of #$ChemicalReaction: instances of #$CombustionProcess; instances of #$Photosynthesis-Generic. bd589bc8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chests The collection of the chests of #$Animals. The animal's chest is its #$AnimalBodyPart region located between its neck and its abdomen. For people and many other types of animals, the chest is bounded by (defined by, given shape by) the animal's ribcage. bd58a415-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 China China, governed as the Peoples' Republic of China, is a country which claims to be the government of all of China. #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina also makes this claim. #$China-PeoplesRepublic #$controls all of China except Taiwan Province on the #$Island of #$Formosa (or 'Taiwan') and #$QuemoyIsland and #$MatsuIsland of Fujian Province a few kilometers off the coast. These territories are controlled by #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina. China borders the #$EastChinaSea and the #$SouthChinaSea. De facto, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina and #$China-PeoplesRepublic are two separate independent countries each with their own territory, while de jure there is a single #$IndependentCountry of China, but two governments with separate regions of control. bd58a341-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chordates An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum within the #$BiologicalKingdom #$Animal, the #$ChordataPhylum contains the many chordate taxa. All have members who have a notochord (a flexible rod running the length of the body) at some stage of development and pharyngeal gills at some stage of development. The #$ChordataPhylum has as #$taxonMembers all the subsets of #$Vertebrate (including #$Person), as well as some non-vertebrate chordates like Amphioxus. bd59063b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chronic conditions A collection of ailments. An instance of #$ChronicCondition is an ailment that lingers or recurs in an organism throughout its life. In some cases, the symptoms of a chronic condition may abate with treatment. The condition may never go away completely. #$Asthma is a subset of #$ChronicCondition. c0fd4e54-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 circular #$Circular is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all circular objects. bd646240-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 circulatory systems The collection of all animals' circulatory systems. A #$CirculatorySystem is a system of organs and body parts, found in #$Vertebrates and some other animals, which function together to circulate the animal's blood throughout its body, supplying needed substances to its cells and removing waste products from them. A #$CirculatorySystem is generally composed of #$BloodVessels, #$Heart, #$Spleen, etc., considered as an interrelated functional system of each animal. Note: It generally has a close linkage to the respiration system, as the blood comes in contact with fresh air to divest itself of the waste products it has collected from the body's cells and to acquire new needed substances to take to the body's cells. bd58f31b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cities A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$City is a local human settlement which has its own government. This includes cities, towns, suburbs, villages, hamlets, and townships, as long as they have their own governments. A city government is usually mostly autonomous from the governments of its surrounding regions, rather than being a sub-organization of them. bd58e767-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Washington D.C. The capital city (#$CapitalCityOfRegion) of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, seat of its Federal government, which is located in the #$DistrictOfColumbia, a specially created Federal district between the States of Maryland and Virginia. Currently, the #$CityOfWashingtonDC and the #$DistrictOfColumbia are coextensive. bd590b3c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sanitations A collection of events. In each #$Cleaning event, dirt (or other unwanted substances) is removed from the #$objectOfStateChange of that event. If a #$Cleaning event is successful, then the #$Dirtiness level of the object will have been lowered. bd58c9de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cleaning tools A collection of devices. An instance of #$CleaningDevice is any device, manually powered or otherwise, whose #$primaryFunction is to be used in cleaning things. Instances include each #$Mop, each #$RegularWindshieldWiper, each #$FacialTissue, each #$ShoeBrush, each #$ClothesWasher, each #$Dishwasher, etc. bd58b64c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cleaning implements A collection of tools; a subset of #$HandTool and also of #$CleaningDevice. An instance of #$CleaningImplement is any hand-held tool used for cleaning something. Cleaning implements are used in a wide variety of activities and settings; some subsets include the collections #$Mop, #$DentalPick, #$ElectricToothBrush, #$WashCloth, #$FacialTissue, #$ShoeBrush. Many cleaning implements are intended for wiping, scrubbing, or polishing surfaces to remove patches of #$Dirt. bd589192-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 climate cycle type A collection of collections. Each element of #$ClimateCycleType is a collection of (extended) events which are weather processes of one type or another. Examples of elements of #$ClimateCycleType are #$TemperateClimateCycle and #$SteppeClimateCycle. Note: in practice, there is little need to create terms denoting members of the collections belonging to #$ClimateCycleType; so long as one just wants to state what TYPE of climate a particular region has, simply use the predicate #$hasClimateType with the appropriate subset of #$AnnualClimateCycle (q.v.). See also #$hasClimateType. bd58b5f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 textiles A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Cloth is a piece of textile sheet woven or knitted or pressed out of fibers. Pieces of #$Cloth are commonly used as material inputs to the manufacture of clothing items, towels, sails for sailing craft, parachutes, draperies, etc. Excludes #$Leather (q.v.). bd590909-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 accessories A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$ClothingAccessory is something that is worn as an accessory with other clothing items. Examples include elements of the collections #$Jewelry, #$Scarf, #$NeckTie, #$Belt-Clothing, #$Suspenders, and suchlike. bd58cee4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 items of clothing A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$ClothingItem is something that a person wears as a protective and/or decorative covering or ornament. Items of clothing are usually made of flexible materials, such as cloth, leather, or yarn. The collection #$ClothingItem contains primarily individual garments (e.g., elements of the collections #$Pants, #$Shirt, #$Coat, #$Shoe), together with pairs of shoes, socks, and gloves (since each wearer needs a pair). Jewelry, suspenders, belts, etc., are in the subset #$ClothingAccessory. Note: outfits (esp. specialized outfits) made up of several individual items worn together belong to the collection #$ClothingOutfit, which is NOT a subset of #$ClothingItem but IS a subset of the broader collection, #$SomethingToWear. bd5903d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 outfits A collection of objects. Every element of #$ClothingOutfit is a group of `coordinated' items that are intended to be worn together; e.g., an instance of #$ThreePieceSuit, consisting of one suit jacket, one vest, and one pair of long pants. Clothing outfits are often sold or provided together as a set; e.g., military uniforms, business suits, scuba gear. A clothing outfit may include some accessories, as well as garments. Cf. #$ClothingItem. bd59033c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 clouds The collection of clouds (instances of #$CloudOfH2O) in the sky over some #$GeographicalRegion (as opposed to being at ground-level). c0fba044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cloud of h 2 o A cloud of particles of liquid or solid water in the atmosphere covering a #$GeographicalRegion. bd58f48d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 levels of cloudiness A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. The elements of #$Cloudiness characterize the amount of cloud cover at an #$OutdoorLocation. A higher value indicates more clouds or more dense cover. Degrees of cloudiness may be represented qualitatively (e.g., #$PartialCloudCover, #$CompleteCloudCover), or using #$GenericValueFunctions. The cloudiness of a location can be described with the predicate #$cloudinessOfRegion. bd590706-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cloudless #$Cloudless is a #$WeatherAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Cloudiness. (#$cloudinessOfRegion LOC #$Cloudless) means that the #$OutdoorLocation LOC has no cloud cover. bd58e1f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cloudy #$Cloudy is a #$WeatherAttribute that characterizes an #$OutdoorLocation which has at least some cloud cover -- this cloud cover not being situated at ground-level (in which case #$Foggy would be the applicable #$WeatherAttribute). bd590748-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 code - assertion direction The direction for Cyc assertions which are implemented in code; the assertion is not actually used in either forward or backward inference. bfe9f22d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 codes of conduct A collection of microtheories; a subset of both #$Obligation and #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory. Each element of #$CodeOfConduct is a microtheory which contains rules and/or expectations governing the behavior of those agents subject to it in certain kinds of situations. bd5895c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 households A collection of organizations. Within the #$NaiveBiologicalDescentMt, each instance of #$CohabitationUnit is an animal domestic group, i.e., a group of animals which live together in the same domestic or living group. This domestic group is assumed (by default) to be of a single species. bd5891e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cohesiveness A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Cohesiveness represents a specific capacity of a physical object to cohere; e.g., #$RigidlyCohesive, #$LiquidCohesiveness, #$HumanlySeparable. Cohesiveness of objects is indicated with the predicate #$cohesivenessOfObject. be00bb30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 collections The collection of all Cyc collections. Cyc collections are natural kinds or classes, as opposed to mathematical sets; their elements have some common attribute(s). Each Cyc collection is like a set in so far as it may have elements, subsets, and supersets, and may not have parts or spatial or temporal properties. Sets, however, differ from collections in that a mathematical set may be an arbitrary set of things which have nothing in common (see #$Set-Mathematical). In contrast, the elements of a collection will all have in common some feature(s), some `intensional' qualities. In addition, two instances of #$Collection can be co-extensional (i.e., have all the same elements) without being identical, whereas if two arbitrary sets had the same elements, they would be considered equal. As with any Cyc constant, an instance of #$Collection should be created only if it is expected to have some purpose or utility. Moreover, the `best' collections to create are the ones which are impossible to define precisely, yet about which there are rules and other things to say. E.g., `WhiteCat' is not a good element of #$Collection to create, because it's easy to define with other Cyc concepts, and there's not much to say about the collection of white cats; but `WhiteCollarWorker' could be a good element of #$Collection, because it is hard to define exactly, yet there are many things to say about it. bd5880cc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 collection - denoting functions The subcollection of #$Function-Denotational whose instances, when applied to any appropriate (sequences of) arguments, return instances of #$Collection. Examples include #$SwimmingEventFn, #$GroupFn, and #$MoleculeFn; (#$MoleculeFn #$Oxygen) denotes the collection of all oxygen molecules. Cf. #$IndividualDenotingFunction and #$SetDenotingFunction. bd58806a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 collections A collection of events. Each element of #$CollectionEvent is an event in which tangible or intangible objects are collected together at a single place . The objects might come from various sources, and might be gathered via some collection network. bd58dc1e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 collection type #$CollectionType is by definition the collection of all types of #$Collections. beda6953-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 colors A collection of attributes; a subcollection of both #$PhysicalAttribute and #$SensoryAttribute. Each element of #$Color represents a specific color attribute of some object or substance; e.g., #$GoldColor, #$VividRed-Color, #$Auburn-HairColor, #$Olive-FleshColor. Elements of #$Color are #$CompositeAttributes, since they can vary along several dimensions (e.g., hue, brightness, chroma). Indicate a particular object's #$Color with one of the following predicates: #$objectHasColor, #$mainColorOfObject, or #$uniformColorOfObject. bd588231-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fires A collection of events. Each #$CombustionProcess is an event in which rapid oxidation is taking place. These always have heat as an output and often involve emission of light as well (typically, flames). The #$objectActedOn in a #$CombustionProcess is at least partly consumed. See also #$Flammability. bd58c04e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commercial activities This is a large collection of events. As can be seen from its subsets, it embraces all types of buying, selling, offering to sell, offering to buy, requesting bids, performing services for hire, advertising, manufacturing for sale, etc. bd5887a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commercial fishing boat The subcollection of #$Watercraft that contains all fishing boats, including trawlers, seiners, junks etc. that are marine-life-catching devices, and the main purpose of the fishing is commercial. Note that not all instances of CommercialFishingBoat have to be used exclusively in the ocean--they can also be used in rivers and lakes, etc. be059efb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commercial organizations A collection of organizations. An element of #$CommercialOrganization is an organization which buys or sells goods or services for a profit. It may also be an element of #$Business or it may merely be a sub-organization of a #$Business entity. bd5892d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 service companies A collection of organizations; a subset of #$CommercialOrganization. An instance of #$CommercialServiceOrganization is a commercial organization which sells its services as its main product (rather than tangible goods), for commercial gain. Some tangible goods may accompany or supplement the main service sold, but only as side products; e.g., some elements of #$HairSalon sell hair care products. bd58f1b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commissioned An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The attribute of being paid on a commission basis for work done. bd58b8d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 communicating A collection of events. Each element of #$Communicating is an event in which the transfer of information between or among agents is a focal action; communicating is the main purpose and/or goal in the event. That may be contrasted with events which involve communication but wherein the focus is different, e.g., playing cards (wherein the progressive actions -- and winning -- of the game are focal). Since #$Communicating is a subset of #$PurposefulAction, each #$Communicating event must be intentional on the part of the #$senderOfInfo; it may or may not be intentional on the part of the #$recipientOfInfo. Hence, a speaker on a soapbox haranguing an indifferent crowd is performing an instance of #$Communicating. In contrast, Juliet soliloquizing on her balcony, unaware that Romeo is listening to her, is not #$Communicating; this #$InformationTransferEvent would be an instance of #$Eavesdropping. Communicating may be either a one-way or a two-way transfer of information (cf. #$CommunicationAct-Single, #$MultiDirectionalCommunication). Every event belonging to #$Communicating contains at least one transfer of information between at least two agents who participate in the event. (Note that the latter requirement excludes reading and writing from #$Communicating, when those events are just the private accessing or generating of information.) Communicating may be specialized in various ways, such as, by the method or medium used (e.g., #$AudioCommunicating, #$NonVerbalCommunicating, #$FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating); by the type of information involved (e.g., #$MakingAnAgreement); by the purpose of the communication (e.g., #$Teaching, #$Negotiating); by the agents involved (e.g., #$IntraOrganizationCommunication, #$StageProduction). Examples of #$Communicating include a symphony performance, an email message, a telephone call, a speech, a handshake, issuing a traffic ticket -- all of which normally, and focally, involve communication between two or more agents. bd589ec5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 communication acts A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$CommunicationAct-Single is a single-source transmission of information from ONE #$senderOfInfo to one or more recipients; such acts may be one-to-one or one-to-many. Every element of #$CommunicationAct-Single has a transmission sub-event (which is an element of #$IBTGeneration-Original) and one or more reception #$subEvents (which are elements of #$AccessingAnIBT). An element of #$CommunicationAct-Single starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. Notes: (1) For exchanges of information between or among multiple agents, see #$MultiDirectionalCommunication. (2) An important distinction is made between elements of #$CommunicationAct-Single on the one hand, and their #$subEvents which are elements of #$IBTGeneration-Original and #$AccessingAnIBT, on the other hand; e.g., #$Speaking and #$Writing are NOT subsets of #$CommunicationAct-Single, but rather are subsets of #$IBTGeneration-Original (because instances of both represent only the generation of information and can even occur without actual communication of it), and #$ListeningDeliberately and #$Reading are subsets of #$AccessingAnIBT, NOT of #$CommunicationAct-Single, because instances of both represent only the accessing of information (even if by default they imply a prior generation of information). bd589e83-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 communication convention The collection of conventions used to encode and interpret things which bear information; a syntax together with a semantic mapping. Instances include natural languages like French or English, database data formats, and computer languages or idiosyncratic systems of gestures or symbols known only by a small group of people. bd58f43f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 community groups A collection of organizations. An element of #$CommunityOrganization is a group that consists of residents of a #$Neighborhood or apartment building or condominium complex, and which is concerned with issues affecting the #$Neighborhood or complex. bd58852b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commutative relation An important subset of #$Relation. Each element of #$CommutativeRelation is a relationship whose argument order can be changed without changing the value or meaning of the expression; e.g., #$PlusFn, #$TimesFn, #$or, #$bordersOn, #$temporallyIntersects, #$teammates. Most #$Relations are NOT commutative: if (#$isa EL COL) is true, it is rare that (#$isa COL EL) is also true. bd6449a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 crafts One of the most general attributes for describing the level of skill with which an agent performs some task. Knowledge enterers will usually want to use some more specific attribute. bd58ade0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 competitions The collection of situations in which one or more #$Agents are striving to be the sole exemplar of some high value judgement, or the highest value along some comparative or metric scale. Arm wrestling, football, fighting for prey, competitive courting, racing, rodeo events, etc. are examples. See also #$competitionExpr. Note: `striving' may be a bit of overstatement, as sometimes the competitors may even be unaware that a competition has been going on until after it is over, such as the first year a `Best Restaurant in Austin' award is given out. bd58801a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 complete cloud cover #$CompleteCloudCover is a #$WeatherAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Cloudiness. This attribute describes a location as so clouded over with a uniform layer grey or white clouds that direct sunlight is blocked out. There are no shadows, the shape or exact location of the sun or moon is impossible to identify. bd588622-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 complex temporal relation Instances of #$ComplexTemporalRelation are predicates used to interrelate instances of #$TemporalThing in time. Some of them (e.g., #$startsAfterEndingOf) make statements about the relationship of the beginning and/or end of their first argument to the beginning and/or end of their second argument. One can think of this as an interval-based theory of time. Some of them (e.g., #$temporallyIntersects and #$temporallySubsumes) make statements about the relationship of the entire set of points that is their first argument to the entire set of points that is their second argument. One can think of this as a set-theoretic theory of time. bd58ec70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composite attribute A collection of attributes. Each element of #$CompositeAttribute is an attribute that is essentially a vector with many dimensions. Instances of #$Color are good examples; colors have intensity, hue, and saturation as independent dimensions. See also #$primitiveAttributeTypes, #$PrimitiveAttributeType. bd58d8d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composite attribute types A collection of collections. Every element of #$CompositeAttributeType is a collection of attributes which is a subset of #$CompositeAttribute (q.v.). bd588238-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composite physical and mental event A collection of events. Each element of #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent is an event that involves both some mental event(s) and an interaction of physical objects. Examples include a news broadcast program, a court trial, inheriting property, writing a letter, a physical examination, a charity ball, traffic on some section of highway during rush hour. Note that this collection does NOT imply that the events which are its instances have doers (see #$doneBy). Subsets of #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent whose elements all have doers (or performers) -- and there will be many of them -- should have as a second genls #$Action or the appropriate subset of #$Action (qq.v.). bd588d27-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composite tangible and intangible object The collection of things which have both a tangible and an intangible component -- e.g., people (with bodies and minds), information bearing objects (intangible information encoded on a tangible substrate, such as music on a CD, or text in a book) and so on. Like anything else that has at least some tangible component, each element of #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject exists in time. Our representation allows us to separately reify the tangible and intangible components of an object; this is sometimes necessary (e.g., to state that the age of the Frankenstein monster's mind is x, the age of his body is y, and the age of the new composite is z) but not very often needed --- usually one can just reify the #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject and state things about it. bd58f771-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composition predicate A collection of predicates; one of several subsets of #$PartPredicate. The collection #$CompositionPredicate contains predicates which are used to relate #$PartiallyTangible things to the substances (pieces of stuffs) which compose them. #$CompositionPredicates are instance-level (i.e, they relate #$Individuals, not #$Collections), although typically they are used in inferences about specific kinds of things. Examples include #$constituents, #$mainConstituent #$solvent, #$solute, #$suspendingFluid, #$suspendedPart. bd58f321-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 levels of compressibility A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Compressibility represents a specific capacity of a physical object to be compressed. Compressibility may be measured with a #$GenericValueFunction. Compressibilities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$compressibilityOfObject. be00ba02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computational objects A collection of abstract objects; a subset of #$IntangibleIndividual. Each element of #$ComputationalObject is a syntactically structured form, such as a Cyc system expression, a Lisp string, a C variable name, or an equation in a particular canonical form format. bd58803b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 concavity An attribute of a surface meaning that it is bumped or indented inward. A concave surface has a pair of points which are both closer to a viewer than points on the surface between them. Depending on the context, it may have relatively small subregions which have convexities (e.g. wrinkles, small dents, corrugations) or are flat so long as the overall shape is concave. Saddle-shapes, although convex in certain dimensions, are concave in others and are therefore concave. c0f2b614-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 concluding equals note #$differentSymbols is useful for constraining rules that conclude #$equals. Most rules which would conclude #$equals would fire for identical symbols, and would thus conclude superfluous identity statement, e.g., (#$equals #$Cicero #$Cicero). By placing a conjunct in the antecedent of such rules, (#$differentSymbols ?X ?Y), such superfluous identity statements will not be deduced. bdffd8f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 concrete A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Concrete is a piece of an artificial mixture of cement, gravel, sand, and (during mixture, pouring, and forming) water. Used widely in construction, pieces of concrete are formed into the desired shape while fluid and afterward hardened into a sturdy, durable material. Examples: bridge pilings, foundations of houses, sidewalks, pieces of IH-35. bd590360-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 condensation processes A collection of events. In each instance of #$Condensing, a gas is cooled to (or its pressure lowered to) the point where the relative humidity (or similar partial pressure measure if something other than water is condensing) is greater than 100%, changing part of a component of the gas from the #$GaseousStateOfMatter to the #$LiquidStateOfMatter. be01163d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conductor resistance A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductorResistance is the element of #$ElectricalResistance that represents a very low level of electrical resistance. An object having #$ConductorResistance readily conducts electricity. See also #$resistanceOfObject. be00f83b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conducts heat poorly A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductsHeatPoorly is the element of #$ThermalConductivity that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an object that conducts virtually no heat. be00f69f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conducts heat well A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductsHeatWell is the element of #$ThermalConductivity that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an object that conducts heat very quickly. be00f6b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conducts some heat A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductsSomeHeat is the element of #$ThermalConductivity that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an object which conducts heat, but slowly. be00f6ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 certainties The positive emotion felt when one is free from doubt about an event or object from which the agent feeling #$Confidence expects positive contingencies. For example, one might say 'I feel confident that tomorrow it will not be rainy'. Do not confuse this with a personality disposition, e.g. 'Joe is a confident person.' (See #$PersonalityAttribute.) This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes include #$Grief, #$SelfConfidence, etc. bd589c8b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 configurations A specialization of #$StaticSituation. Each instance of #$Configuration is a static situation involving two or more #$PartiallyTangible things standing in some sort of spatial relationship(s). For example, a #$Pile involves a bunch of things piled on top of each other, a #$FlowerArrangement involves an arrangement of multiple #$CutFlowers, and a #$KnotConfiguration might involve a particular intertwining of several segments of a single #$CordlikeObject. For configurations like the second example, which involve objects that are all of the same kind, see the specialization #$ArrangementOfLikeObjects. For configurations like the third example, which involve relationships between different parts of a single salient object, see #$ConfigurationOfComplexObject. Note that a static situation involving an #$Agent might be a configuration, but only so long as it's just the agent's _spatial_ relationship(s) to other partially tangibles that matters (see e.g. #$WearingSomething); static situations in which an agent's agency or sentience is crucial, on the other hand, are not configurations (see e.g. #$AgentRelationship and #$InterAgentRelationship). bd58ee23-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 congenital conditions A collection of ailments. An instance of #$CongenitalCondition is an #$AilmentCondition that is present in an afflicted organism from the time of gestation (i.e. before birth), whether or not it is a #$GeneticCondition. Two example types of #$CongenitalCondition are congenital herpes and congenital heroin addiction. A #$CongenitalCondition may be caused by behavior of the mother during pregnancy. Birth defects (such as having an extra toe) are #$CongenitalConditions. Injuries sustained during the delivery itself are not #$CongenitalConditions. Thus if forceps are used and the infant is scarred, brain-damaged or killed as a result, the situation is not an element of this collection. c0fd5c28-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conical #$Conical is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all conical objects in virtue of their shape. c150e5ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 connected path system The collection of all connected #$PathSystems that are not in separate pieces. For any different points X and Y in such a system SYS, there is a path PATH in SYS that both X and Y are on. Another way to put this is that SYS is an instance of #$ConnectedPathSystem iff for any different points X and Y in SYS, there is a path PATH in SYS such that (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH X Y SYS) holds. Note that according to this definition, a connected path system does not have to contain a link--a path system containing a single node will be a connected path system. If a connected path system contains a link, nevertheless, every two different points must be connected by a path. Note also that because of our treatment of path (see #$pathInSystem) and our restriction of points in SYS that are not nodes (see #$nodeInSystem), that there is a path between every two points in SYS is equivalent to that there is a path between every two nodes in Sys. bd73edb5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 links A collection of events. In a #$ConnectingTogether event, two or more tangible things get physically connected together (attached) by means of some sort of connector or fastener. Some specializations of this include welding, buckling-up, using nailing, tying-up, etc. #$ConnectingTogether need not be a spec of #$Movement-TranslationEvent since two objects being connected may be already at rest with each other. bd589c6d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 connection predicate A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ConnectionPredicate is a predicate that specifies physical connections between objects. Examples: #$nailedTo, #$rivetedTo, #$connectedTo-Rigidly, #$rotationallyConnectedTo, #$hangsFrom, #$in-Embedded. bd60da90-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 clasps A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$Connector is a device which connects two objects. A connector (or part of it) may be a part incorporated into one or both of the objects connected, or a connector may be a totally separate device. Examples include elements of the collections #$ButtonTheFastener, #$Staple, #$Nail, and many more. bd58b973-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 construction events A collection of events. In each #$Constructing event, one or more #$ConstructionArtifacts, such as a house, are made or incrementally enlarged or remodeled. bd58c896-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 structures A collection of artificial tangible objects. Each element of #$ConstructionArtifact is a structure designed and built by humans. This collection includes buildings and parts of buildings, as well as things like dams, railroad lines, and roads. Examples: the #$RomanColiseum, the #$ArcDeTriomphe, #$HooverDam, the #$WorldTradeCenter, #$HollywoodBowl. For further information, see #$FixedStructure, an important subset. bd589da5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 construction companies A collection of businesses. An element of #$ConstructionCompany is a business whose #$MainFunction is constructing or remodeling buildings, houses, dams, bridges, or other construction artifacts. bd58f6d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 consultants A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Consultant works with some business in a consulting capacity. Consultants can be self employed, or they can work for a consulting company. c0fdc41c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 consumable products A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of #$TangibleProduct. Each element of #$ConsumableProduct is a product of which any portion can be used only once. A portion of a #$ConsumableProduct is `used up', i.e., destroyed or transformed into an unusable or waste form, during normal use. Note: `consumable' here does not necessarily mean consumed by mouth; the consumption may be any use of the product. bd58e656-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events in which food or drink is consumed A collection of events. Each element of #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink is an event in which a person or other animal ingests some portion of food or drink through its mouth. This collection generically covers eating or drinking, by a single person, of a meal- or snack-sized portion of food. For more detail, see the subsets #$EatingEvent and #$DrinkingEvent. For eating or drinking with a social group, see #$HavingAMeal. Note: #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink does NOT include intravenous infusion of nutrients or chewing of gum. bd58cbb4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contact locations A collection of spatial objects. Each element of #$ContactLocation is a point at which some particular agent (e.g., corporation or person) may be contacted by any of several means, for any of several purposes. #$ContactLocation includes any place to which one may direct one or more of the following: letters, packages, phone calls or voice messages, bills, email, faxes, pages, subpoenas. Contact locations must be particular--e.g., my house or my office or even my secretary, but not simply `Austin'. bd58d337-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contact location type A collection of collections. Each element of #$ContactLocationType is a collection of places at which a particular agent may be contacted; such collections may be characterized in several different ways: (a) by method of contact (e.g., #$VoicePhoneLocation, #$FaxLocation); (b) by purpose of contact (e.g., #$BillingLocation, #$ShippingLocation, #$EmergencyContact); (c) by the agent's relationship to those places (e.g., #$HumanResidence, #$Workplace). Note that particular places may fall under different subsets of #$ContactLocationType for different agents; for example, one person's home might be another's vacation location. bd58d0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 container products A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$ContainerProduct is an object whose #$primaryFunction (or one of whose main functions) is to be a container. Examples are of staggering variety, including storage containers for books, office records, food, clothing, tools, and materials; containers for transporting the same; passenger compartments of various kinds of vehicles; artificial constructs for housing humans and animals; etc., etc. Instances of #$Crib, #$Sandbox, #$OfficeSpace, and #$Coffin. bd58cd8e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contempts Emotion characterized by vehement condemnation of its object as being low, vile, feeble, or ignominious. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Contempt are #$Hate, #$Abhorrence, etc. bd58a597-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 continents A collection of topographical features. The elements of #$Continent on the #$PlanetEarth are the six traditional main land masses on the surface of the earth (plus the two #$geographicalSubRegions of Eurasia, Europe and Asia). Elements: #$ContinentOfAfrica, #$ContinentOfAntarctica, #$ContinentOfAsia, #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$ContinentOfEurasia, #$ContinentOfEurope, #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica, #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica. Former elements of this collection include Pangaea and the two continents it broke up into Gondwanaland and Laurasia (all of which are instances of #$TrueContinent (q.v.)). bd590bbb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Africa The second largest continent, located north and south of the #$Equator in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region. Africa is connected to Asia by the narrow #$Isthmus of Suez; it includes #$Madagascar and other offshore islands. bd58ed27-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Asia The world's largest continent, joined in the west with Europe (which may be considered a peninsula of Asia) to form the Eurasian land mass (#$ContinentOfEurasia). The #$ContinentOfAsia occupies much of the northern half of the #$EasternHemisphere-Region. bd58ea12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Europe The sixth largest continent; includes adjacent islands. The #$ContinentOfEurope is separated from the #$ContinentOfAsia by the #$UralMountains. bd58dd74-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 North America The continent in the northern and #$WesternHemisphere-Region. North America includes #$CentralAmerica as well as the #$WestIndies-Archipelago as #$geographicalSubRegions. bd58f882-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 South America The continent in the western and southern hemisphere. bd59004b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contract negotiations The collection of negotiations intended to lead to the formation of a contract between the participants (or the parties they represent in the negotiations). bd5ad3ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 control devices A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$ControlDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to control the behavior/functioning/properties of another thing (usually another instance of #$PhysicalDevice). Obvious instances of #$ControlDevice include: the remote control for your TV (an instance of #$RemoteControlDevice), the brake pedal on your car (an instance of #$Pedal-ControlDevice), the light switch on your bedroom wall (an instance of #$ElectricalSwitch); a less obvious instance of #$ControlDevice is #$HooverDam (an instance of #$Dam). bd59097b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 controlled land A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$ControlledLand is a geopolitical entity that is controlled to some extent by a foreign power. Examples: #$PuertoRico, #$Bermuda, #$Guadeloupe-TheDependency, #$Tibet. bd58a21e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 controlling events A collection of events; a subset of #$PurposefulAction. An instance of #$ControllingSomething is a purposeful action in which some #$Agent intentionally controls some object. It is not necessary that the agent touch the #$objectControlled, only that s/he have an efficacious means of controlling its action -- thus, instances of #$ControllingSomething include all instances of #$GuidingAMovingObject (some of which involve a #$RemoteControlDevice). Further subsets: #$HandlingAnObject, #$Braking, #$SteeringADeviceByHand, #$PlayingAMusicalInstrument, #$CuttingFabric, #$CarryingWhileLocomoting, #$FlushingAToilet, etc. Whenever a #$ControlDevice (qv) is being used, for its primary function, presumably a #$ControllingSomething event is taking place. Borderline examples include having a conversation by telephone, doing the dishes by hand, and having a cat as a pet. bd588c1d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conventional classification systems The collection of all agreed-upon or conventional classification systems, each consisting of #$ConventionalClassificationTypes. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement, without changing the intrinsic facts about the actual objects in the category. (This applies only to named or known classification systems or schemas, and not to everything under the sun as might be urged by some 1990's-era postmodernist deconstructionist literary criticism theorists.) #$ConventionalClassificationSystems would include biological taxonomies, standard classifications, data dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo systems, military doctrinal systems, calendar systems, etc. c0d808c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conventional classification type The collection of all those collections that each correspond to a category in some agreed-upon or conventional classification system (a #$ConventionalClassificationSystem) used by people. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement or custom, without changing the intrinsic facts about the actual objects in the category. (This applies only to named, known classification systems or schemas, and not to everything under the sun as might be urged by some 1990's-era postmodernist deconstructionist literary criticism theorists.) #$ConventionalClassificationType would include categories in biological taxonomy, standard classifications, data dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo classes, military doctrinal classes, named calendar intervals, etc. bee6da31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bulge A surface attribute meaning that the surface's overall shape is dominated by an outward bulge or mound, or consists of projecting corners between planes. In most contexts, it may have relatively small subregions which are concave or flat, etc., so long as overall shape is convex. Viewing something as convex assumes a perspective. From the opposite perspective, on the `other side', a #$Convex surface would look #$Concave. c0f2b67b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 convex tangible object The collection of all #$TangibleThings that are #$Convex, i.e. have no significant #$Concave surfaces, cavities or #$Crevices. A #$ConvexTangibleObject occupies about the same space as its convex hull; see #$ConvexHullFn and #$ConvexHullSpaceFn. A solid physical sphere or cube are #$ConvexTangibleObjects but a cup or doughnut cannot be. The size of allowable minor concavities depends on the context. c0b9215a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conveyances A collection of concrete physical objects. Each instance of #$Conveyance is intended for moving partially tangible things --- it could be a car, ship, plane, or other vehicle for transporting people; it could be a conveyor belt or a grocery bag for moving goods; it could be a gun, a bow, or a cannon for launching projectiles. See also #$TransportationDevice which are objects that actually move along with the thing they are transporting, and #$Conveyance-Stationary where the object doing the moving remains stationary. See #$Conveying-Generic, #$TransportationEvent and #$Conveying-Stationary for the different kinds of conveying events. Some positive exemplars: a gun, a car, a horse. A wire can be considered to be a #$Conveyance, in those microtheories were #$Electricity, #$Signals, etc. are considered to be things that move. bd58d480-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cooked The attribute #$Cooked is a #$PreparationAttribute (q.v.), describing how a given item of #$Food has been prepared. Food becomes #$Cooked as the result of an event of #$CookingFood. Specialized forms of #$Cooked include #$Steamed, #$Baked, #$Microwaved and #$Grilled. bd58f510-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cooking events A collection of events. Each element of #$CookingFood is an event in which some item of #$Food is prepared by heating it. Typically, the foodstuff is heated until it reaches a certain temperature over some period of time, during which chemical and/or physical changes occur which are supposed to make the foodstuff healthier or tastier (or, in some cases, ethically acceptable). A #$CookingFood event may last from a few minutes (e.g., #$SteamingFood (vegetables), #$MakingToast) to several hours (e.g., #$RoastingFood). Note: #$SmokingFood is not a subset of #$CookingFood. Food prepared by smoking (e.g., smoked ham, bacon) is `cured' by a chemical reaction with nitrates in the smoke, rather than being cooked by heat. Cf. #$SmokingFood, #$SaltingFood. bd58ad09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cooling process #$CoolingProcess is a collection of events, and a subset of #$TemperatureChangingProcess. During each #$CoolingProcess event, the temperature of the #$objectOfStateChange is decreased by removing heat from the object. bd58f7dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cords Read #$cyclistNotes. A generic long flexible skinny thing like string, electrical extension cords, rope, wicks. bd58f581-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 core constant The collection of constants that are required to be defined in order to support the implementation of CycL itself. These constants are the minimal 'core' of the Cyc knowledge base which must be assumed to be defined in order for the inference engine to function. c0dd1b7c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 two-dimensional corners The collection of all regions wherein two linear edges of a two dimensional or sheet-shaped object (i.e., considered in this context to be sheet shaped) meet to form an angle of substantially less than 180 degrees. Polygons have at least three corners each. c0fbbe43-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 corners The collection of all regions centered around a point where two edges of a sheet-like object meet at an angle or where three or more surfaces (together with three or more solid edges dividing them) meet at one place forming a solid angle. Includes 2-dimensional corners and 3 dimensional corners. Corners are either #$Convex or #$Concave with respect to some perspective. c0fba90e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 corner - 3d The collection of all regions where three or more surfaces of an object (which is considered three dimensional in current context), and three or more #$EdgeOnObjects, meet. This includes corners of boxes, the tops of pyramids, etc. Each #$Corner-3d includes some solid angle of part of the object. c0fba450-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 officers A collection of people. An instance of #$CorporateOfficer is a person who is recognized as an officer of a corporation, as officially recorded in the corporate records of that corporation. Common types of #$CorporateOfficer include #$President-CorporateOfficer, #$VicePresident-CorporateOfficer, Secretary and Treasurer of a corporation. c10aec18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 corrosion resistance A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$CorrosionResistance represents a specific level of resistance to corrosion of some tangible object. Degrees of #$CorrosionResistance may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$CorrosionResistance with the predicate #$resistanceToCorrosion. be00bd14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cost breakdown slot A collection of predicates. Each element of #$CostBreakdownSlot is a binary predicate used to describe some pecuniary aspect of an instance of #$Buying. The first argument to every #$CostBreakdownSlot is an element of #$Buying and the second argument is always an instance of #$Money. Examples: #$moneyTransferred, #$discount, #$salesTax, #$salesCommission. bd5896b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cotemporal objects slot #$CotemporalObjectsSlot is the collection of #$BinaryPredicates PRED such that whenever a formula without free variables (PRED ARG1 ARG2) is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of both ARG1 and ARG2 (i.e., that ARG1 and ARG2 are #$TemporalThings which temporally subsume the moment). For example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), we can conclude that Nick and Spot were alive throughout (temporally subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the predicate #$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington)) doesn't justify the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). In general (with the qualifications indicated below), a closed assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)), with PRED a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, licenses the conclusions (#$temporallySubsumes ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallySubsumes ARG2 TIME). And a closed assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)) licenses the conclusions (#$temporallyIntersects ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallyIntersects ARG2 TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would undermine the conclusions above about temporal subsumption.) Another qualification is that ARG1 and ARG2 are not #$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerms; in practice, they almost never are. See also the generalization of #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, #$CotemporalPredicate, and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg. bd58af35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cotemporal predicate #$CotemporalPredicate is the collection of #$Predicates PRED such that whenever a formula (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN) is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of each ARG among ARG1, ..., ARGN that is a #$TemporalThing (i.e., that each such ARG temporally subsumes the moment). For example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalPredicate. So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), we can conclude (given that Nick and Spot are #$TemporalThings) that Nick and Spot were alive throughout (temporally subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the predicate #$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalPredicate. The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington)) doesn't justify the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). In general (with the qualifications indicated below), an assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)), with PRED a #$CotemporalPredicate and ARG among ARG1, ..., ARGN a #$TemporalThing, licenses the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes ARG TIME). And an assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)) licenses the conclusion (#$temporallyIntersects ARG TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would undermine the conclusion above about temporal subsumption.) Another qualification is that ARG is not a #$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerm; in practice, it almost never is. In order to bar predicates that would otherwise trivially qualify as instances of #$CotemporalPredicate, the argument-type of at least one of the argument-places of a #$CotemporalPredicate PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing (or, more generally, the intersection of the argument-types of at least one of the argument-places of PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing). See also the specialization of #$CotemporalPredicate, #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg. bd5981b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 count noun - generic The collection of all mass nouns. Mass nouns are syntactically singular, and often they denote stufflike things. Example: 'water'. This collection also includes proper mass nouns like 'Pepsi', agentive mass nouns like 'moisturizer', etc. c0e918e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 counterfactual context The collection of microtheories that are each assumed to include at least one counterfactual assertion: an assertion which is believed to be untrue in the real world. It may be, however, that there is no explicit counterfactual assertion in a given #$CounterfactualContext. In particular, it is not required that there be any explicit contradiction of assertions in the #$genlMts of the #$CounterfactualContext. But intuitively speaking, most adults would be reticent about trusting too strongly in a propositon whose only justification was in a #$CounterfactualContext. All works of fiction relate events that transpire in counterfactual contexts. Examples: #$WorldMythologyMt, #$PaddingtonBearStoriesMt, #$ChristmasMythologyMt. bd58f4b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 countries A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$Country is a nation-state having its own territory, population, and government, whether or not it is fully independent. For example, #$Scotland is an element of #$Country, even though it is a part of the #$UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland. Cf. #$IndependentCountry. bd588879-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 districts A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$CountrySubsidiary is a political region that is a direct subsidiary of some country. This collection includes states, provinces, territories, and some special districts such as Washington, D.C. This class is somewhat artificial but is useful when representing addresses. c0c0184c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 counties A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$County is a lesser geopolitical region, having an area typically larger than a #$City but smaller than a #$State-Geopolitical. Traditionally, a #$County area was within one day's horseback ride from the County Seat. bd58e498-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 county governments The collection of all #$County governments. bd67f8fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 course during a meal A collection of events. Each element of #$CourseDuringAMeal is an event in which one or more diners at a meal consume a single course. Examples include the elements of #$AppetizerCourse, #$MainCourse, #$DessertCourse. c1008170-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 courts A collection of organizations which are judicial agents. An element of #$Court-Judicial is an established judicial court, i.e., an enduring governmental #$Organization whose #$primaryFunction is to settle disputes by means of legal reasoning by one or more #$Judges. Typically, a court's orders are enforced by some other agency belonging to the government of which that court is a part. The collection #$Court-Judicial includes federal, state, county, and municipal courts, appellate and chancery courts, tax courts, courts of claims, courts-martial (if non-temporary), admiralty courts, courts of chivalry, American Indian tribal courts, and the Permanent Court of International Justice. It excludes Gypsy/Rom Kris courts, nonjudicial administrative county courts, stannaries, and temporary #$Tribunals. c08b79f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 courtesy title The collection of #$Titles, such as Mr., Ms., Mrs., Miss, Dr., etc., which precede names in Anglo-American addressing custom. bd58fa97-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cracking events A collection of change events. In each #$Cracking, something becomes cracked. I.e., two or more areas of the thing are separated from one another (though perhaps not divided wholly into parts). In order to undergo a #$Cracking, the #$objectOfStateChange must be in a #$SolidStateOfMatter. bd58f8e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 creation events A collection of events. In each element of #$CreationEvent, at least one instance of #$Entity (the #$outputsCreated) is brought into existence. bd58de89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 creation or destruction events A collection of events. During each element of #$CreationOrDestructionEvent, one or more instances of #$Entity come into or go out of existence. Elements of this collection are the sorts of events that have #$inputs, #$outputs, #$products, #$wasteProducts, and #$byProducts. Examples of #$CreationOrDestructionEvent would include a particular campfire (a #$CombustionProcess), manufacturing a particular car, etc. bd675149-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 credentials A collection of intangible objects which consist of propositional information about an agent. #$Credential is a subset of #$PropositionalInformationThing (q.v.). Each element of #$Credential is specific information about one agent, provided by another agent; the information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. As represented in Cyc, credentials are intangible information, but each element of #$Credential usually has some associated physical document (e.g., a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e., the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g., legal bar certification, ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g., GED schooling, Ph.D. requirements; is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g., travel visa, permission slip); and so on. Recommendations are considered a kind of credential. bd58b0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 credit cards A collection of plastic cards. Each element of #$CreditCard is a piece of plastic that enables authorized users to spend the card-issuing company's money, drawn as a (usually unsecured) loan through an associated instance of #$CreditCardAccount under a pre-arranged credit agreement. The credit card company credits the vendor of the purchased goods or services and bills the card user, usually with interest. bd58ceea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 crevices The collection of all long, slender cavities or cracks or furrows in otherwise solid objects. The width of a crevice is significantly less than its length. The depth of a crevice is often greater than its width, and is never significantly less than its width. c0fcdf4c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 crevice - topographical - earth The collection of topographical features of the planet Earth characterized by long, slender cavities or cracks or furrows. The width of a crevice is significantly less than its length. The depth of a crevice is often greater than its width, and is never significantly less than its width. bf4d23f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 crime detection This is the actual act of detecting a crime. bd6857bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 crucifix shaped #$CrucifixShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all three dimensional cross-shaped objects. c0514749-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cubical #$Cubical is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all three-dimensional objects for which each face it is the case that (#$shapeOfObject ?FACE #$SquareShaped). c14b222b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 items of currency A collection of physical objects. An instance of #$Currency is a physical object generally accepted as legal tender (i.e., not checks or credit cards) and used as a means of transferring a quantity of #$Money between some elements of #$Agent. Elements of #$Currency may be coins, items of precious metal, paper bills for which precious objects are payable by a government to the bearer on demand, or unbacked paper bills required by a government to be accepted for payment of debts. Elements of #$Currency are typically backed by and issued by national governments. Note: This collection includes all instances of legal tender, worldwide and historically. But, for better or worse, the notion of legal tender is context-dependent. Normally what counts as currency is relative to the country one is in; legal tender in the United States is not the same as legal tender in China. (Though US dollars may have excellent value on the black market.) What counts as legal tender depends on historical events as well, since a government may change, withdraw, or cancel some types of currency it previously authorized. Also, conquest of one country by another usually brings about the collapse of the loser's currency. A Confederate ten dollar bill, e.g., is not an element of #$Currency in the context of twentieth century Alabama, even though it belongs to #$Currency in a different context. bd58cc42-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 curvature of surface The collection of all surface curvature attributes. These may apply to a particular piece of a surface of an object, or to the whole surface. For real-world (non-mathematical) surfaces, there is ordinarily some tolerance for minor surface deviations that depends on the context. Thus a 'flat' surface may have relatively small bumps and crevices. c0f2ab26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 customary system of links The collection of all customary or conventional network systems consisting of interconnected links (instances of #$Path-Customary) and nodes of obvious types, where the elements of the system can be assumed without specifying them as sets. Examples include pipe systems, road systems, vascular systems, wiring systems, mechanical linkages, etc. The links of any #$CustomarySystemOfLinks are assumed to share characteristics, e.g. in a road system, pipes are not links nor are streetlights, road paint, or other non-roadways, just the roadways forming the network. Also, what constitutes a #$JunctionOfPaths or #$pathTerminus in the system should be obvious from the system type. The links are related to the assumed system by #$linksOfCustomarySystem. This is in contrast to #$PathSystem in which the sets of point, nodes, links, and loops (if any) have to be specified for the system. c0ee5ac3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cutting implements A collection of devices. An instance of #$CuttingDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to (enable its user to) cut another object. Subsets of #$CuttingDevice include the collections #$Razors, #$Scissors, #$LawnMowers,and more. bd589153-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc administrator This constant is for use by Cyc administrators responsible for installation, setup and maintenance of Cyc images. c0bf7a98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc h l truth value The truth/strength combinations used in the Cyc HL implementation of #$CycLAssertions and arguments. bd58f7f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l asserted assertion The subcollection of semantically well-formed #$CycLAssertions which are supported by at least one belief argument, meaning that the assertion was explicitly asserted to Cyc, as opposed to having been deduced by Cyc's inference engine. An assertion can have more than one argument, and can therefore be both a #$CycLAssertedAssertion and a #$CycLDeducedAssertion. bed06ab6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL assertions A collection of semantically well-formed #$CycLSentences which express some proposition in the Cyc Knowledge Base. Each instance of #$CycLAssertion is either (1) an #$HLAssertion: an assertion reified in the Cyc Knowledge Base (i.e., a formula and its associated datastructure, actually in the Cyc KB), or (2) an #$ELAssertion: an Epistemological Level #$CycLSentence that can be canonicalized into one or more already extant #$HLAssertions. #$CycLAssertion is used as an argument type for meta-predicates such as #$overrides. bd5dbcd4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l assertion direction The set of possible directions for Cyc #$CycLAssertions; the direction indicates how the #$CycLAssertion will be propagated during inference. bd58e1fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l atomic assertion The subcollection of #$CycLAssertions which have a #$Predicate as their operator. Excludes assertions with logical operators in the arg0 position. bfd86bf1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l atomic sentence The collection of syntactically well-formed atomic sentences, also called 'atomic logical formulas', in the CycL language. Each instance of #$CycLAtomicSentence involves the application of a #$Predicate to some arguments. c130750e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l atomic term The collection of all atomic denotational terms in the CycL language. All such terms may denote something in the universe of discourse if semantically meaningful and fully bound (variables are #$CycLAtomicTerms). They are also atomic, meaning that they cannot be broken down via the CycL syntax. The string aabaab is a #$CycLAtomicTerm even though it can be broken down into substrings, just as 212 is a #$CycLAtomicTerm even though it can be broken down into digits. This notion of atomicity is only with respect to the CycL grammar, and digits and substrings are not part of the CycL grammar. be1d78c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed atomic sentence The collection of syntactically well-formed atomic sentences in the CycL language which have no free variables. Each instance of #$CycLClosedAtomicSentence involves the application of a #$Predicate to some arguments. bdcc8689-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed atomic term The collection of all atomic closed denotational terms in the CycL language. All such terms may denote something in the universe of discourse if semantically meaningful. They are also atomic, meaning that they cannot be broken down via the CycL syntax. The string aabaab is a #$CycLClosedAtomicTerm even though it can be broken down into substrings, just as 212 is a #$CycLClosedAtomicTerm even though it can be broken down into digits. This notion of atomicity is only with respect to the CycL grammar, and digits and substrings are not part of the CycL grammar. bda21728-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed denotational term The collection of all CycL expressions which may denote something in the universe of discourse. #$CycLSentences are not considered part of the universe of discourse in this way. Not all closed denotational terms pick out something in the universe of discourse; counterexamples are (#$BorderBetweenFn #$Canada #$Mexico) and (#$JuvenileFn #$isa #$genls #$JuvenileFn). Other examples of closed denotational terms include #$Muffet, (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X GreenColor)), and 212. c04da45a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed expression The collection of CycL expressions which have no free variables. c03209e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed formula The subcollection of #$CycLFormulas which have no free variables. c017ff79-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed non atomic term The subcollection of denotational #$CycLNonAtomicTerms which have no free variables. Examples: (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus), (#$JuvenileFn #$isa #$genls), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X #$GreenColor)). Counterexamples: (#$JuvenileFn ?X). c0cc2458-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed sentence The subcollection of #$CycLSentences which have no free variables. Implicitly universally quantified sentences are not instances of #$CycLClosedSentence. be27a8ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ART #$CycLConstant is the collection of all CycL named constants used to denote terms. Colloquially, CycL constants are those atomic terms which are prefixed by '#$' in their printed representation. For example, #$Dog is an instance of #$CycLConstant while other terms like (#$GovernmentFn #$France) and the number 42 are not. bf3491c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l deduced assertion The subcollection of semantically well-formed #$CycLAssertions which are supported by at least one argument which is a dedction by Cyc's inference engine, as opposed to having been explicitly asserted to Cyc. An assertion can have more than one argument, and can therefore be both a #$CycLAssertedAssertion and a #$CycLDeducedAssertion. beff1a9a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l denotational term The collection of all CycL expressions which may denote something in the universe of discourse if they are meaningful and closed (having no free variables). Semantic well-formedness is not a requirement; (#$JuvenileFn #$isa ?X #$genls #$JuvenileFn) is a denotational term. However, if a #$CycLFormula, semantic properties of the arg0 may determine its membership in this collection. e.g. (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog) is a denotational term, but (#$Dog #$JuvenileFn) is not. Other examples of denotational terms include #$Muffet, ?X, (#$JuvenileFn ?X), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X GreenColor)), and 212. bd9733c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l expression The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the CycL language. This includes formulas, sentences, denotational terms, etc. be90c21d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l expression - askable The subcollection of syntactically well-formed #$CycLExpressions which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). The name 'Askable' derives from #$CycLSentence-Askable, but instances of #$CycLExpression-Askable are not necessarily askable as a query unless they are also instances of #$CycLSentence-Askable. See #$CycLQuery for more details. bd601781-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l expression - assertible The subcollection of syntactically and semantically well-formed #$CycLExpressions. The name 'Assertible' derives from #$CycLSentence-Assertible, but instances of #$CycLExpression-Assertible are not necessarily assertible into the KB unless they are also instances of #$CycLSentence-Assertible. c091e184-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l formula The collection of CycL expressions which involve the application of a relation to some arguments; e.g., (#$isa #$Muffet #$Poodle) and (#$BirthFn #$Muffet) are both instances of #$CycLFormula. Two important specs of #$CycLFormula are #$CycLNonAtomicTerms, also called 'denotational formulas', and #$CycLSentences, also called 'logical formulas'. Note that this notion of a CycL formula may differ from standard definitions of 'formula' in formal logic, which define a formula as either any string of symbols, or a syntactically well-formed string of symbols. A CycL formula is a relation applied to some arguments. c03ec3ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l g a f assertion The subcollection of semantically well-formed atomic #$CycLAssertions which have no free variables. GAF stands for Ground Atomic Formula. Atomic Formula (or, more specifically, atomic sentence) means a #$Predicate applied to some arguments. Ground means no variables. GAF Assertions are ground at the HL (no HL variables) and closed at the EL (no free EL variables). For example, (#$isa (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$colorOfObject ?X #$GreenColor)) #$Thing) is ground at the HL and closed (but not ground) at the EL. GAF assertions typically express facts about the world. c0f63e9a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l generic relation formula The subcollection of #$CycLFormulas which have a #$Relation in their arg0 position which is not known to be either a function, predicate, or logical operator. Examples: (?RELATION #$Dog #$Cat), ((RelationDenotingFn #$Muffet) #$Dog). be2eb4e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l indexed term Elements of #$CycLIndexedTerm are objects that are indexed in the Cyc kb (i.e., forts and assertions). bd84623c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NART The subcollection of #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerms that are reified in the KB. Example: (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog). Counterexample: (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus), because that term is not currently reified in the KB. These are often called NARTs, which stands for 'non-atomic reified term'. c0c6b0d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NAT The collection of non-atomic denotational terms in the CycL language. Also called 'denotational formulas'. A non-atomic term, or 'NAT', is a term which is neither a variable nor a constant. NATs are terms formed by applying a function to its (zero or more) arguments. Like constants, each NAT denotes some thing in the universe of discourse. Currently, there are two main kinds of NAT: #$HLNonAtomicReifiedTerms, or 'NARTs', which are a type of #$HLReifiedDenotationalTerm, and are implemented with data structures that have indexing allowing all uses of the NAT to be retrieved; and #$ELNonAtomicTerms, or 'NAUTs', which have no such indexing and remain in the form of an EL expression in the formulas in which they occur. bf1f951d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l non atomic term - askable The subcollection of syntactically well-formed #$CycLNonAtomicTerms which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These terms 'make enough sense' to be a term in a #$CycLQuery. Denotational terms are not askable themselves. Each instance of this collection involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the relation. #$CycLNonAtomicTerms are also called 'denotational formulas', to be distinguished from 'logical formulas', also known as #$CycLSentences. Note that an instance of #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Askable does not mean that the term must be used in a query; only that it can be used in a query. See #$CycLQuery for more details. bdda1e3f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l non atomic term - assertible The collection of syntactically and semantically well-formed #$CycLNonAtomicTerms. These non-atomic terms meet the criteria necessary to be part of an assertion in the Cyc KB. They are not assertible themselves. For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation. Each instance of #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Assertible involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some arguments. Note that a semantically well-formed #$CycLQuery may contain instances of #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Assertible; just because a nat is 'assertible' does not require it to be used in an assertion. See #$CycLPropositionalSentence for more details. be2e0d29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l non atomic term - closed functor The subcollection of denotational #$CycLNonAtomicTerms which have no free variable in the arg0 position. Examples: (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus), (#$JuvenileFn #$isa #$genls), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$colorOfType ?X #$GreenColor)), (#$JuvenileFn ?X). Counterexample: (?SOMEFN #$Gold). bf26025d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l open denotational term The collection of all CycL expressions which have at least one free variable, and which might denote something in the universe of discourse if their variable(s) were bound. #$CycLSentences are not considered part of the universe of discourse in this way. Examples include ?X, (#$JuvenileFn ?X), and (#$JuvenileFn #$isa ?X #$genls #$JuvenileFn), even though the latter is semantically ill-formed. c0d211d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l open expression The collection of CycL expressions which have free variables. bfab7ef3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l open formula The subcollection of #$CycLFormulas which have free variables. be0a552b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l open non atomic term The subcollection of denotational #$CycLNonAtomicTerms which have free variables. Examples: (#$JuvenileFn ?X), (#$JuvenileFn ?X ?Y ?Z). Counterexample: (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X #$GreenColor)). c010ce47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l open sentence The subcollection of #$CycLSentences which have free variables. This only takes into account explicit closure; if a sentence is implicitly universally quantified, it is still an instance of #$CycLOpenSentence. be00bf6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l propositional sentence The collection of semantically well-formed CycL sentences that express propositions. Any seemingly free variables in such sentences are implicitly universally quantified at the outermost level. c05a7c46-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l query The collection of all well-formed CycL queries. Example: (#$and (#$isa ?X #$Cat) (#$isa ?X #$Dog)). Weaker well-formedness constraints are imposed on CycL queries than on assertions (see #$CycLSentence-Assertible). CycL queries are syntactically well-formed CycL sentences, also well-formed with respect to arity, which express a query in CycL. Free variables are not implicitly universally quantified; they are interpreted as variables for which bindings are sought. c0d57acd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l reformulation rule predicate The collection of #$Predicates which may appear as the operator in a #$CycLReformulationRule. c129e5bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l reifiable denotational term A collection of Cyc terms. All #$CycLConstants are elements of #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm, as is any NAT (#$CycLNonAtomicTerm, see #$Function-Denotational) whose functor is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction. E.g., since #$GovernmentFn is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction, it is true that (#$GovernmentFn #$France) is a #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm. (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus) is a #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm; it is not in the KB but is reifiable. #$CycLVariables are not considered reified or reifiable terms. These terms may denote something in the universe of discourse if they are semantically meaningful. e.g. (#$BorderBetweenFn #$Canada #$Mexico) is a #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm even though it does not denote anything in the universe of discourse. bd63a0ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l reifiable non atomic term A collection of Cyc terms that are NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms; see #$Function-Denotational) whose functor is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction. E.g., since #$GovernmentFn is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction, it is true that (#$GovernmentFn #$France) is a #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerm. be760011-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 forts The collection of denotational terms in the CycL language which are reified in the KB. Examples include #$Muffet and (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog); a counterexample would be (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus) because that term is not currently reified in the KB. These are often called 'FORTs', which stands for 'first-order reified terms' beee8a4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l represented atomic term The collection of all represented atomic denotational terms in the CycL language. This consists of variables and Cyc constants. bddd55a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l represented term The collection of all denotational terms in the CycL language which are either represented atomic terms or are composed of represented atomic terms. This includes Cyc constants, variables, and NATs. be920bae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l rule assertion The subcollection of semantically well-formed #$CycLAssertions whose formulas are rules. More precisely, the formulas are not GAFs (see #$CycLGAFAssertion), so they either have more than one literal (and therefore are non-atomic) or they quantify over some free variables (and therefore are non-ground). Any free variables are implicitly universally quantified. bddb0a48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL sentences The collection of syntactically well-formed CycL formulas which involve a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some arguments. #$CycLSentences do not necessarily obey arity constraints or other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). #$CycLSentences are also called 'logical formulas', to be distinguished from 'denotational formulas', also known as NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms). Note that this notion of a CycL sentence is broader than the standard definition of 'sentence' in formal logic, which defines a sentence as a closed, well-formed formula. CycL sentences may be open (having free variables). They may be semantically ill-formed but must be syntactically well-formed. Also, queries (see #$CycLQuery) are CycL sentences. bd5880a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l sentence - askable The subcollection of syntactically well-formed #$CycLSentences which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These sentences 'make enough sense' to be asked as a #$CycLQuery. Each instance of this collection involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the relation. #$CycLSentences are also called 'logical formulas', to be distinguished from 'denotational formulas', also known as NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms). Note that this notion of a CycL sentence is broader than the standard definition of 'sentence' in formal logic, which defines a sentence as a closed, well-formed formula. CycL sentences may be open (having free variables), but if they are asserted to Cyc, the free variables are implicitly universally quantified. Note that an instance of #$CycLSentence-Askable does not mean that the sentence must be used in a query; only that it can be used in a query. See #$CycLQuery for more details. be7266e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l sentence - assertible The collection of syntactically and semantically well-formed #$CycLSentences. These sentences meet the criteria necessary to be asserted into the Cyc KB. Example: (#$and (#$isa #$Pittman #$HumanCyclist) (#$residesInRegion #$Pittman #$CityOfAustinTX)). For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation. Each instance of #$CycLSentence-Assertible involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some arguments. #$CycLSentences are also called 'logical formulas', to be distinguished from 'denotational formulas', also known as NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms). Note that this notion of a CycL sentence is broader than the standard definition of 'sentence' in formal logic, which defines a sentence as a closed, well-formed formula. CycL sentences may be open (having free variables), but if they are asserted to Cyc, the free variables are implicitly universally quantified. Note that a semantically well-formed #$CycLQuery may be an instance of #$CycLSentence-Assertible; just because a sentence is assertible does not require it to be used in an assertion. See #$CycLPropositionalSentence for more details. c1164108-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l sentence - closed predicate The subcollection of #$CycLSentences whose arg0 is not a free variable although free variables may occupy other argument positions. bdb7f18f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l term The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the CycL language that can be used as terms, i.e. that can serve as arguments to CycL relations. Since the grammar of the CycL language allows any CycL expression to be used as a term, #$CycLTerm and #$CycLExpression are coextensional collections. c107fffb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l unreified reifiable non atomic term A collection of Cyc terms that are #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerms but are not meant to be reified at the top level (but sub-nats are still reified). #$CycLUnreifiedReifiableNonAtomicTerms are handled specially by the canonicalizer. As an example of how this works, see #$termOfUnit. Its arg1 is a #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerm and its arg2 is an #$CycLUnreifiedReifiableNonAtomicTerm. becacce8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l variable The collection of all variables in the CycL language, such as ?WHAT or ?var0. bf7800bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyclical interval group type (#$isa ?X #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) means that ?X is a collection of interval types whose instances recur in a set pattern throughout all of calendar history. ?X must partition all of time: the elements of ?X must be mutually disjoint, and unioned altogether they must encompass all time. For example, ?X could be the set of the seven calendar days (Monday through Sunday), or the set of the twelve calendar months (January through December). I.e., (#$isa #$DayOfWeekType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) and (#$isa #$MonthOfYearType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType). `Recurring in a set pattern' generally means that one can put the elements of ?X in order, say X1, X2,..., Xn, and there will be an instance of X1 immediately followed by an instance of X2 (that instance x2a of X2 will be #$contiguousAfter that instance x1a of X1), and there will be an instance of X3 immediately following that particular instance of X2, and there will be an instance of X4 immediately following that instance of X3, etc. One final note: when we arrange elements of ?X into such a pattern X1,...Xn (whose repetitions then `tile' all time), n may be larger than the cardinality of ?X. E.g., ?X might be the set with just the 2 elements WeekendDay (the union of the set #$Saturday and the set #$Sunday) and WeekDay, and then the arrangement that tiles all time is 5 contiguous WeekDays followed by 2 contiguous WeekendDays. be0113f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyclists The set of actors (mostly people) entitled to inspect and modify the Cyc knowledge base bd588068-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyclists mt A #$Microtheory for stating basic hierarchical (#$isa and #$genls) information pertaining to users of #$Cyc. c0625164-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cylindrical #$Cylindrical is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all cylindrical objects, i.e. all objects that have a circular base and for which all cross sections parallel to the base have the same area as the base. bf57fbe1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 daily personal cleaning A collection of events. Each #$DailyPersonalCleaning encompasses the standard cleaning and grooming activities that an animal engages in over the course of a day. Such a `daily routine' is almost sure to include many brief grooming and cleaning actions, such as licking one's paws, combing one's hair, washing one's hands, shaving, bathing, etc., and those are sub-events of that #$DailyPersonalCleaning event. For example, a human's #$DailyPersonalCleaning might have a #$TeethCleaning as one of its sub-events, along with a #$TakingABath, two instances of #$CombingHair, etc. Note: Those specialized kinds of events, like #$CombingHair, are NOT subsets of #$DailyPersonalCleaning, since it would be abnormal for someone to JUST comb their hair each day (and do absolutely no other daily cleaning activity whatsoever). Note: In the context #$HumanActivitiesMt --- where all the performers of actions are, by default, human beings --- #$DailyPersonalCleaning designates human grooming activities only. In that microtheory, dog-grooming performed by human beings does not constitute #$DailyPersonalCleaning, even if it happens on a daily basis for some pampered poodle, as it is not PERSONAL (i.e, self-) cleaning. bd58d05d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 data microtheory A collection of microtheories. An instance of #$DataMicrotheory contains information about #$Individuals, such as specific #$Persons, #$Organizations, #$GeographicalRegions, #$ConceptualWorks, etc. Assertions that do not refer to such individuals normally should be asserted in a more general microtheory. be5275a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abstract databases The collection of all databases, as abstract repositories of information rather than as physical storage devices. A database generally has some means of accessing the data from structured records, frames or relational structures, using some query language. A particular #$Database-AbstractContent may exist in multiple copies, and may be distributed over several different physical data storage sites: see also #$Database-Physical. bfe46ab6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 databases A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$Database-Physical is an IBO that stores many pieces of information, organized for easy scanning and access. Typically, a data base involves one or more formatted data record schemes, together with some device for searching and retrieving data. Note that, as an IBO, a #$Database-Physical is some particular, tangible copy of a database. To refer to the abstract 'content' of a database, use #$Database-AbstractContent. Instances represent databases, specifically the 'physical' aspect of the database rather than its meaning. Each physical database will be related to its tables (represented as instances of #PhysicalTableSchema). It will typically have information specifying access methods. The current vocbulary does not make the distinction between the abstract structure, perhaps shared by many copies, and the copies themselves, perhaps containing different data. bd589d12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dates #$Date is a subset of #$TimeInterval. A #$Date is any #$TimeInterval which can be defined purely by its location on the calendar. Thus a #$Date could be a particular calendar day, a particular calendar quarter, a particular calendar month, a particular decade, etc. So the subsets of #$Date include #$CalendarMinute, #$CalendarQuarter, etc., as well as #$CalendarDay. bd58ac59-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dawns Each instance of #$Dawn is a dimly-lit period before a #$Sunrise. bd588ee3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 daytime working hours #$DaytimeWorkingHours is a set of time intervals. The length of each of those intervals, and their #$startingPoint and #$endingPoint, are defined by the bulk of a working population performing their daily jobs. The schedule varies by context -- i.e. which group of workers are being considered -- and the boundaries are fuzzy. This fuzziness makes the concept more useful in many ways, though, not less useful. bd58ac70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 de verbal noun The collection of all nouns derived from verbs, including (but not limited to) those ending in '-ing', '-er/or', and 'tion'. bf69785d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 corpses A subset of #$OrganicStuff (and not, of course, of #$Animal, whose elements must be alive). Each element of #$DeadAnimal is a corpse or partial remains of an individual animal, somewhat intact, and prior to any butchering, burning, cooking, dissolving, or fully decomposing. bd5894c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dead languages A subset of #$NaturalLanguage. Each element of #$DeadLanguage is a natural language that is no longer spoken as a native language. bd58a2a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decagon shaped This is the shape attribute shared by all ten sided two dimensional figures. bdcb2708-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 December The collection of all Decembers, the twelfth and final month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar. bd58b8ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deciding which instrument predicate to use Which instrument predicate you use depends on what level of generality you wish your statement to apply at. One help is to look at the argument types of each instrument predicate and decide. Do you want it to apply to every #$PartiallyTangible which is an instrument? Then use #$instrument-Generic since #$PartiallyTangible is its #$arg2Isa. Are you writing a rule which really only applies to #$PhysicalDevices Then use #$deviceUsed. But be careful! When you use a more specific predicate such as #$deviceUsed it may have special extra conditions in its definition aside from the #$PhysicalDevice #$arg2Isa constraint. Also if your first stab at the rule involves #$deviceUsed in the antecedent, see if it applies more generally to #$instrument-Generic. bd60039d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deciduous plants A collection of plants. Each element of #$DeciduousPlant is a plant which sheds all of its leaves once a year, seasonally, and subsequently grows new ones. bd588481-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decompose The collection of events in which one or more objects decompose more or less completely. See also the more general concept #$DecompositionProcess, in whose instances objects at least partially decompose. bd58b357-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decomposition process A collection of events in which some object decomposes. I.e., in a #$DecompositionProcess event, some object's matter undergoes chemical reactions (sometimes mediated by microorganisms) that eventually result in the object losing its shape and material characteristics. This may sometimes superficially resemble #$Melting, but it is a different process. bd58b2de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decryptions The collection of actions in which an encrypted IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) is transformed so that it can be accessed. bd659b49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of food A collection of collections. Each instance of #$DefaultDisjointFoodType is a collection of beverages or foodstuffs (a subset of #$Food or #$FoodIngredientOnly). More to the point, this collection-of-collections is a #$SiblingDisjointCollection (qv). So every two instances of #$DefaultDisjointFoodType are either disjoint, or are in a known subset/superset relationship, or have some known (reified) common specialization. Virtually every commonly-named type of food will be an element of this set-of-sets. E.g., the collections #$HotDog, #$ChickenSoup, #$Cocoa-ThePowder, #$Prune, #$ToasterTart, #$MilkPowder, and so on. One could easily define a collection of foodstuff and beverages, such as The-Food-That-Was-Eaten-In-Dallas-Yesterday, that would not be a member of this set-of-sets, but most such collections are not worth naming and keeping around. See the concept #$SiblingDisjointCollection for more information about this sort of arrangement. bd58bd03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 default disjoint script type This is a #$SiblingDisjointCollection (qv). So the elements of #$DefaultDisjointScriptType are kinds of actions (subsets of #$Event) that can be assumed to be mutually disjoint from each other (unless one is known to be a subset of the other, or there is a known common subset.) bd58efca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 default false bd8a163e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 default monotonic predicate A collection of predicates. Each element of #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate is a predicate whose use as the predicate of a locally asserted ground formula causes that formula to be entered, by default, as :MONOTONIC. Examples: #$isa, #$genls, #$disjointWith, #$equals, #$arity, #$arg1Isa. c10c3008-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 default true bf576a31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 degenerates A collection of events. In each #$DegenerationEvent, some object loses its function(s) through a process of deterioration and/or a series of discrete breakdowns. bd58c357-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 densities A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Density is a measurable physical property of a tangible object, namely, its mass per volume. Densities may be represented relative to certain substances, e.g., #$SaltWaterDensity, #$FreshWaterDensity, #$DenseAsOil. Densities of objects are reported using the predicate #$densityOfObject. bd589819-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dental practitioners The collection of doctors that are trained with diagnosing and treating diseases of the gums and teeth. bd58df82-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deposition processes A collection of events. In each instance of #$Depositing, a gas is cooled to (or its pressure lowered to) the point where the gas molecules solidify into a solid. bfe97da9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 derived numeric attribute type A collection of collections. Each element of #$DerivedNumericAttributeType is a collection of measurable attributes that are measured in complex units, including #$Volume, #$Area, #$Acceleration, etc. The types of attributes in #$DerivedNumericAttributeType are `derived' from other, fundamental attributes (such as #$Distance and #$Mass) which are measured in simple units. Cf. #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType. bd58dae0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 desert climates The attribute of having a desert climate. Wide termperature extremes from very hot in day to cold at night. Very little precipitation on a year-long basis, although there may be desert storms. bd589427-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 office clerks A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. This is a general category of workers that generally sit at desks, as opposed to those who do factory work or outside work, etc. Subsets include #$Administrator, #$ComputerOperator, and #$Secretary. bd58ab18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 destruction events A collection of events. In each element of #$DestructionEvent, at least one instance of #$Entity (the #$inputsDestroyed) ceases to exist. bd58f920-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 single-user devices A collection of devices. One can classify devices according to how many simultaneous users they typically have. An instance of #$Device-SingleUser is any device that typically has/requires exactly one (i.e., one and only one) user. A screwdriver (an instance of #$Screwdriver) is a #$Device-SingleUser, but a grand piano (an instance of #$GrandPiano) is not. A borderline non-example is a car --- although only one person operates it, several can `use' it at once, i.e. derive the value of its primary function which is transportation. So a car is not a #$Device-SingleUser. A borderline example is a telephone -- although it requires two or more users (each on telephones) for meaningful use, each phone generally has just one user at a time. So a telephone is a #$Device-SingleUser but a telephone-circuit is not. c10093ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 user-powered devices An #$Artifact which has been deliberately designed to perform a particular function, and which depends upon the physical efforts of the user to perform that function in part or in whole. A paradigm example would be a bicycle. However, the definition also leaves room for some counterintuitive cases--combs and forks are also user-powered devices, on this analysis. Borderline cases would be devices which require effort on the part of the user to perform part of the function but not all of it. For example, many gas-powered lawnmowers have to be pushed by hand, but use an internal combustion engine to impart the necessary velocity to the cutting surfaces. bd5894f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 device-running events A collection of events. An instance of #$DeviceRunning is an event in which some device is running. This collection includes events which are complete cycles of a device's normal function (see #$SingleCompleteRunOfADevice) as well as random time slices (#$timeSlices) of them running. Examples include instances of the collections #$AirplaneTakeOff, #$SkateBoarding, #$OffRoadMotorcycleRiding, etc. Some stranger examples --- which are not instances of #$SingleCompleteRunOfADevice --- include: all the the ignition phases of the firing of my Honda's engine during November of 1996; my TV when it was on and showing a commercial this year; my TV when it was on and I was watching it this week. bd589045-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 device state A collection of states that devices can be in, including: #$DeviceOn, #$DeviceOff, #$RecordingStates, #$CockedState, #$Folded, #$OffHook, #$Unlocked, and many others. bd590b25-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dexterous #$Dexterity is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions in which the performer's hands move accurately, quickly, and with economy of motion. bd58ae64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 diagnosing and repairing something The collection of all actions of diagnosing and repairing something, in a very broad sense. Such events can range from fixing a #$PhysicalDevice (e.g., the last time you took your car in to be fixed), to killing pests that infest a place. All such actions involve an intrinsic change in the thing which undergoes repairs. Notice that a diagnosis action alone, or a repair action alone, would not be elements of this collection; they could be #$subEvents of an element of this collection. bd58ab98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dietary deficiency conditions The collection of physiological conditions brought on by consuming less of a nutrient than the body requires. c0fd5773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 digestion event A collection of events. For most animals, a #$DigestionEvent starts at the mouth and, for most vertebrates, ends at the anus. This concept should not be confused with #$DigestingInStomach, whose instances occur only in an organism's #$Stomach. A #$DigestionEvent spans the whole #$DigestiveSystem, from start to finish.--Nichols, June 23, 1997 bd588d98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 digestive systems The collection of all animals' digestive systems. A #$DigestiveSystem is a system of organs and other body parts (typically of #$Vertebrates) which work together to accomplish the digestion function. bd58b41a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dimensionless units of measure A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure is the collection of measurement functions whose results are elements of #$ScalarInterval which have no dimension; i.e., they are simply numbers, instances of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. Examples include #$Percent, #$Unity, #$Per1000. (#$Percent 50) returns the point-interval, one-half (0.5). (#$Unity 3 4) returns the interval that is the range of numbers between 3 and 4, inclusive. bd58842e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Directed Acyclic Graph The collection of all those #$DirectedGraphs (node-and-link structures in which each link has one direction) each of which has no directed cycle in it. This is the intersection of #$DirectedGraph and #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem (which is the same as the intersection of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem). A #$DirectedAcyclicGraph is often used as a representation of a #$PartialOrdering. bed5ca59-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed acyclic path system The collection of all #$DirectedPathSystems each of which has no directed cycle in it (see #$directedCycleInSystem). Note that each instance of #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem has no loops in it, though it may have a (undirected) graph cycle in it. bdd9cff1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed graph The collection of all directed simple graphs, i.e., node-and-link structure in which every link has one direction and no multiple links (between a pair of nodes) or loops are allowed, as studied in graph theory. This is the intersection of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and #$DirectedMultigraph, which is the same as the intersection of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and #$DirectedPathSystem. beb3df26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed multigraph The collection of all directed multigraphs, i.e., node-and-link structures in which every link has one direction. There can be loops and multiple links between a pair of nodes. These are studied in graph theory. In Cyc, this is the intersection of #$Multigraph and #$DirectedPathSystem. c0ba0c32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed path system An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a subcollection of #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem. Each instance of #$DirectedPathSystem is a path system SYS in which every link LINK is given exactly one direction (specified by (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SYS), (#$PathFromFn LINK SYS), or (#$PathToFn LINK SYS)). Note that only when a semi-directed path system is also a directed path system should we use the functions #$PathFromFn and #$PathToFn. c0a745ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed movements A collection of events; a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. Each instance of #$DirectedTranslation is a movement event that is #$performedBy an #$Agent --- that agent intends for the #$objectMoving to reach a particular #$target. Examples: William Tell shooting the apple off his son's head, John Wilkes Booth shooting Abraham Lincoln, the last time you tossed a frisbee to someone, a pilot landing an airplane, and a skiier skiing one run of the downhill course. bdb6c421-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 direction expression A collection of vectors; a subset of #$UnitVectorInterval. Each element of #$DirectionExpression is a vector representing a direction. Typically these expressions are used to indicate direction between two objects or locations. An important subset of this collection is #$GeographicalDirection; e.g., #$South-Directly, #$NorthWest-Directly. bd58dff3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dirtiness A collection of attributes. Dirtiness is a measurable attribute that many tangible objects have. Each element of the collection #$Dirtiness represents a specific level of dirtiness (or cleanliness!); e.g., #$Dirty, #$ReallyDirty, #$ALittleDirty, #$Clean, #$Sterile. Indicate a particular object's #$Dirtiness with the predicate #$dirtinessOfObject. bd58d42d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 letdowns The emotion or state of feeling defeated in expectation or hope. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. bd58b543-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disapproving The emotion or state of disapproving of something; a negative attitude towards some situation, proposal, person, or thing, implying a judgment based on explicit or implicit standards (rational, moral, pragmatic, or etc.). This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Disapproval are #$Contempt, #$Hate, #$Abhorrence, etc. More subtly, it is often true that feelings of #$Jealousy or #$Envy manifest in superficial shows of #$Disapproval. #$Disapproval is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. be00ca70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disasters A collection of events. In each #$DisasterEvent, a large group of people (or, in decreasing order of likelihood of usage of this concept, a large group of animals, plants, corporations, etc.) are at very high risk of injury or property damage, or in which a lot of injury and property damage occurs even though the risk was low. c0fd58cc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disgust A feeling of repulsion or aversion towards something considered distasteful or repugnant. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Disgust include feelings of #$Abhorrence. bd58b1cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disjoint set or collection A collection of mathematical sets and collections the members of which are themselves mathematical sets or collections. A set or collection, SETORCOL, of sets or collections is an instance of #$DisjointSetOrCollection just in case the elements of SETORCOL are mutually disjoint -- that is, no two elements of SETORCOL have any elements in common. be13fa12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disk 3 d shaped #$Disk3DShaped is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all three dimensional cylindrical objects whose height is considerably less than its radius. A coin would be an example. Objects having this attribute may often be considered as two-dimensional for the purposes of practical reasoning. bdd82721-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dislikes A feeling of disaffection or disaffinity for a person or thing. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Dislike are #$Disgust, #$Contempt, #$Hate, #$Resentment, etc. bd58a553-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disputes A collection of events with multiple participants. In each #$DisputeEvent, some participants seek to achieve states of affairs that other participants seek to prevent. Disputes may or may not get settled. Settlement of a dispute may be by fighting, by competition, by using a mediator or court, by chance, by mutual reasoning, etc. bd58f3d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dissatisfaction Feeling of discontent, due to a lack of fulfillment of an agent's desires, needs, or requirements. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Dissatisfaction are #$Disappointment, #$Frustration, #$Impatience, #$Anger, etc. bd58a58e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dissolving events A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a solvent and a solute mix to form a solution. be0116b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 distances A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Distance is the length of a path in space extending from one point to another. In some contexts, for example as in the argument 2 position of #$altitudeAboveSeaLevel, this distance includes directional information. In these contexts, elements can take on positive or negative values. Elements of #$Distance may be either a fixed interval, such as the height of the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC or the altitude of the #$DeadSea, or a range, such as #$WithinAudibleDistance (see #$ScalarInterval for more explanation). See #$UnitOfDistance for the units used by Cyc to measure distances. See #$Distance-Absolute for measures of distance that necessarily do not include directional information, i.e. are always non-negative. bd58809a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 distributing meta knowledge predicate This collection is a subset of #$MetaKnowledgePredicate, instances over multiple assertions resulting from the polycanonicalization of an assertion. Suppose one asserts (dist-mk-predicate arg1 arg2) and arg1 polycanonicalizes into assertion-1 and assertion-2, then because (isa dist-mk-pred #$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate) the kb will be modified to include both (dist-mk-pred assertion-1 arg2) and (dist-mk-pred assertion-2 arg2). NOTE: The constant name might suggest that these predicates are predicates about knowing, but this is not the sense in which 'MetaKnowledge' is here intended. c0ab9eda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 distributions A collection of events. Each element of #$DistributionEvent is an event in which tangible or intangible objects are distributed from a source to various destinations via some distribution network. bd58fd6b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 docks The collection of long flat walkways that jut out over water from shorelines. A Dock's main function is to provide a place to secure boats and to provide a place where passengers and cargo can be loaded and unloaded. be0112f2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 doctors The collection of all medical doctors - MDs and Osteopaths. bd58eb55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 documentation constant A constant whose purpose involves facilitating Cyclists in their understanding of the system, tracking work being done, noting cleanup work to be done, etc. Such a constant usually is not involved in inference. Instances may be excluded from knowledge bases in which available memory is a premium without affecting the performance of applications. bd5c5e99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 documentation predicate The predicates in the system used for facilitating #$Cyclists in their understanding of the system, tracking work being done, noting cleanup work to be done, etc. Such a constant usually is not involved in inference. Instances may be excluded from knowledge bases in which available memory is a premium without affecting the performance of applications. #$DocumentationPredicate is used in code to determine which documentation to show to the user when they request to see documentation for a FORT. be1f1654-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dogs The collection of all dogs of all breeds. Elements of #$Dog may be members of #$DomesticPet or of #$WildAnimal; e.g., #$Dog includes the dingo dogs of #$Australia. However, #$Dog excludes the members of #$Wolf, #$Fox, and the other non-dog subsets of #$CanineAnimal. #$Dog is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies, Canis familiaris. bd58daa0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pets The subset of #$DomesticatedAnimal whose elements are animals kept by humans primarily for their companionship. (They may, however, do some chores such as catching mice.) Many members of #$DomesticPet live in the homes of their owners. bd590532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 domesticated animals A subset of #$Animal; the collection of all animals which are kept by humans for labor, transportation, food, or as pets, and whose relations with humans are more or less cooperative. #$DomesticatedAnimal does NOT include instances of #$Tiger being kept in zoos, though it arguably includes Shamu or Flipper. Cf. #$WildAnimal, #$CaptiveAnimal. c10c22cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 domesticated animal food A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of #$TangibleProduct. Each element of #$DomesticatedAnimalFood is a foodstuff produced by human beings and intended for consumption by domesticated animals. This collection includes feed manufactured for horses, cattle, chickens, and other farm animals, as well as `pet foods'. bd588c3b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 doorways A collection of portals. Each element of #$Doorway is a portal in some instance of #$ShelterConstruction, suitable for people (and perhaps vehicles) to enter and exit. For example, doorways to houses, office buildings, elevators, automobiles, airplanes, garages, etc. bd58f914-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 doors A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$DoorwayCovering is a physical object used to cover some kind of portal, including but not limited to doorways in buildings. This collection also includes doors of cars, buses, subways, elevators, garages, airplane hangars--coverings over any doors that people (and perhaps vehicles) pass through. bd5899ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 down - directly The direction straight down. In the terrestrial context, #$Down-Directly points in the same direction as Earth's gravitational force vector. bd5889eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 downward The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$Down-Directly. bd58a496-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dresses The collection of all dresses, a kind of women's clothing bd58b437-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 beverages The collection of drinkable substances; a collection of edible stuff and a subset of #$FoodAndDrink. Each element of the collection #$Drink is a liquid of a type that is ingestible and commonly consumed by humans or animals. Drinks are ingested without chewing. Examples of #$Drink include all elements of the collections #$Water-Ingestible, #$Tea-Hot, #$HotChocolate, #$Lemonade, #$Beer. . By default they are liquids. Borderline examples include a thick milkshake or soup, even if there are solid objects suspended in it. Thus #$LiquidTangibleThing is not necessarily (monotonically) a #$genls of #$Drink, though it is true by default that a #$Drink be an instance of #$LiquidTangibleThing. I.e., by default, elements of #$Drink are in a #$LiquidStateOfMatter. Another borderline example of a #$Drink is a glassful of poison or urine; it may be unpalatable or unsafe to drink a #$Drink. Note that the #$Drink includes the portion of liquid, but not the container such as the glass or coffee cup or bowl. So one borderline non-example is a glass of water -- as opposed to a glassful of water; the former includes the glass, the latter doesn't. Other borderline non-examples include: an ice cube, a grape sno-cone, a scoop of ice cream with hot fudge sauce on it, and a tiny bit of liquid such as a single raindrop even if it enters one's mouth. bd58f408-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 drink A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a single individual consumes a portion of some drink. A #$DrinkingEvent typically consists of several instances of #$DrinkingASip. See #$EatingEvent. bd58eeee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 prescriptions The legal document in which a doctor authorizes a patient to purchase a certain amount of a drug and take it according to some specified schedule. c0fd5806-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medications The collection of all drugs produced to be products. The collection includes instances of drugs prescribed by a physician, purchased as over-the-counter medicines, or used for recreational purposes (#$AlcoholicBeverage, #$Nicotine, #$Caffeine, or illicit #$DrugProducts). Note, that this is a #$Product (intentionally created or used) not merely a #$ChemicalCompoundType. Thus salt #$Water would not be a subset of #$DrugProduct, even though saline solution would be. bd58aef7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 drugs The class of substances that can be introduced into organism's bodies to produce certain physiological effects. Includes both stuffs and objects made and/or marketed as #$DrugProducts, as well as naturally-occurring stuffs and objects that have physiological effects. bfc1633e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 drug therapies A collection of medical care events in which drugs accomplish a medical purpose. An instance of #$DrugTherapy is the result of an instance of #$AdministeringADrug (q.v.). An instance of #$DrugTherapy is the event of the patient's body undergoing the physiological effects of the drug it was given. Note: #$DrugTherapy events do not include the administration of the drug; rather, they are the results of such administrations. Cf. #$AdministeringADrug. c0fd5e28-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dry tropical forest Instances are areas of semi-deciduous forest growing in semi-arid areas of South America and the Indian subcontinent. Rainfall in these areas usually averages less than 250mm per annum. Thorny scrub and low- to medium-sized trees with thick bark and deep roots characterize the vegetation. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995). bff695f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dry tropical scrub and thorn region Attribute of areas of low-growing, widely spaced shrubs, bushes, and succulents, found in extensive areas of Central and South America, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Australia. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995). bd813f73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dry A collection of events in which involves a reduction in the moistness of something -- either its water content or its surface wetness -- by evaporation, absorption (e.g. with towels), or some other process. Typical objects of a #$Drying event include instances of: paint, food, dishes, clothes, humans. The event of a clothes dryer running is a #$Drying. bd58d388-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dualist - physical - and generic geography mt note #$GeographicalAgents (#$Country, #$City, #$Neighborhood, ...) are #$Agents which can be considered to have a specific territorial expanse. In some cases, it is useful to consider the territory and the agent to be different entities, while in others it is useful to use the agent as a referent for the territory. CYC allows for both of these interpretations, in different contexts. In a physical geography microtheory (#$PhysicalGeographyMt and its submicrotheories) #$Agents are disjoint from places and '(#$TerritoryFn <#$Agent>)' is used to specify the territory. In 'dualist' microtheories (submicrotheories of #$DualistGeopoliticalMt) the elements of #$GeopoliticalEntity and #$GeographicalAgent are both #$Agents and #$GeographicalRegions. These microtheories need not reify the #$physicalExtent of the entity, but just state geographic aspects directly about the agent/region combination. Generic geography microtheories (e.g. #$WorldGeographyMt and #$UnitedStatesGeographyMt) are used for assertions that do not require the specification of whether or not a #$GeographicalAgent is to be treated as a #$GeographicalRegion. For example, state (#$geopoliticalSubdivisions COUNTRY CITY) or (#$surroundsHorizontally #$AtlanticOcean #$Iceland-TheIsland) in a generic geography microtheory, (#$bordersOn #$Mali #$Niger) in a 'dualist' microtheory, and (#$isa #$WallisAndFutunaIslands #$Archipelago) in a physical geography microtheory if it is being defined as a colony in a dualist microthory. c06f6ab5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ductilities A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Ductility describes a specific capacity of a physical material to be stretched, drawn, or hammered thin without breaking. Different degrees of ductility may be represented using a #$GenericValueFunction. Ductilities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$ductilityOfObject. bd589773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dusks Each #$Dusk is a dimly-lit period of time which is #$contiguousAfter a #$Sunset, and is the #$Event which starts a #$Night. be010707-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deaths A collection of events. Each element of #$Dying is an event in which a living organism (i.e., an instance of #$Organism-Whole) ceases to live and thus ceases to exist. The physical portion of the organism may remain, but that is not considered an instance of #$Organism-Whole (cf. #$DeadAnimal). Note that the expiring animal is related to its dying event by #$bodilyDoer (q.v.)--in contrast to the role an organism plays when it is the #$objectActedOn in a #$Killing-Biological event (which will have some #$Dying event among its #$subEvents), and cf. #$bodilyActedOn. bd590953-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l assertion The collection of assertions in the EL language. When EL assertions are presented to the KB, the #$CycCanonicalizer transforms them into #$HLAssertions. c12ed6da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l expression The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the EL language. All of their subexpressions, if any, must also be in the EL language. c0e1b69a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l expression - askable The subcollection of syntactically well-formed #$ELExpressions which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). The name 'Askable' derives from #$ELSentence-Askable, but instances of #$ELExpression-Askable are not necessarily askable as a query (after being converted to HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer) unless they are also instances of #$ELSentence-Askable. See #$CycLQuery for more details. c06a5e56-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l expression - assertible The subcollection of syntactically and semantically well-formed #$ELExpressions. The name 'Assertible' derives from #$ELSentence-Assertible, but instances of #$ELExpression-Assertible are not necessarily assertible into the KB (after being converted to HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer) unless they are also instances of #$ELSentence-Assertible. bf51a8d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ELF The collection of expressions in the EL language which involve the application of a relation to some arguments. be88bb87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NAUT The collection of non-atomic denotational terms in the EL language. Each instance of #$ELNonAtomicTerm has as its functor either an instance of #$Function-Denotational or a function-denoting function. Also it optionally has other EL terms as additional arguments. If the functor is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction, an #$ELNonAtomicTerm can be reified, whereupon it becomes an #$HLNonAtomicReifiedTerm, or 'NART'. bfbd3230-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l non atomic term - askable The subcollection of syntactically well-formed non-atomic terms in the EL language which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These terms 'make enough sense' to be used as part of a query, after being converted into HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Just because a term is 'askable' does not require it to be used in a query, and denotational terms are not askable themselves. Each instance of this collection involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the relation. See #$CycLQuery for more details. bf05e356-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l non atomic term - assertible The collection of syntactically and semantically well-formed non-atomic terms in the EL language. These sentences meet the criteria necessary to be part of an assertion into the Cyc KB, after being converted into HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Instances of this collection are not themselves assertible. Just because a non-atomic term is assertible does not require it to be used in an assertion. Each instance of this collection involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the logical relation. For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation. bf7697ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l reifiable denotational term c12bcd6c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l relation A subset of #$Relation such that instances are only permitted at the EL; that is, the canonicalizer will transform expressions that reference instances of #$ELRelation into equivalent expressions that do not reference instances of #$ELRelation; this transformation is guided by the value (arg2) of #$expansion for each #$ELRelation c09a6e2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l sentence The collection of syntactically well-formed sentences, also called 'logical formulas', in the EL language. Each instance of #$ELSentence involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some arguments. #$ELSentences do not necessarily obey arity constraints or other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). bea72250-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l sentence - askable The subcollection of syntactically well-formed sentences in the EL language which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These sentences 'make enough sense' to be asked as a query, after being converted into HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Of course, just because a sentence is askable does not require it to be used in a query. Each instance of this collection involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the relation. Note that an instance of #$ELSentence-Askable does not mean that the sentence must be used in a query; only that it can be used in a query. See #$CycLQuery for more details. bf581c53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL formulas The collection of syntactically and semantically well-formed sentences in the EL language. These sentences meet the criteria necessary to be asserted into the Cyc KB, after being transformed into #$HLAssertions by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Of course, just because a sentence is assertible does not require it to be used in an assertion. Each instance of this collection involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the logical relation. Example: (#$and (#$isa #$Pittman #$HumanCyclist) (#$residesInRegion #$Pittman #$CityOfAustinTX)). For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation. bd58809e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 EL formula template The collection of expressions which are valid CycL formulas except that their EL variables are not canonicalized into HL variables. bf8471b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l template The collection of expressions for which EL variables are not canonicalized into HL variables, #$ELRelations are not expanded, and functions are not reified. be923319-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 EL variables The collection of all variables in the EL language, such as ?WHAT or ?X. bd61ff36-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ears The organ of hearing, which occur in pairs on most animals bd58cbd3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 earth stuff A collection of tangible things. Each element in #$EarthStuff is a portion of the stuff that the ground of Earth (at or near its land surface) is made of, including rocks, boulders, sand grains, soil, mud, etc., and mixtures of those things (such as islands or whole continents). Examples: #$Australia, #$CapeCod, ZionHill, #$GreatSmokyMountains. c0fba244-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 east - directly Due East, an element of #$TerrestrialDirection. bd58f124-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 East The general direction of East. The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$East-Directly. bd58a558-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 eating event A collection of events. Each element of #$EatingEvent is an event which involves the consumption of a substantial portion of food by a single individual (human or other animal). An instance of #$EatingEvent is a meal or snack taken in its entirety; it is a series of individual #$EatingAMorsel events. Note: If a group of people gets together and eats lunch, that activity is represented by an instance of #$HavingAMeal; during that `super-event' each participant engages in his/her own instance of #$EatingEvent, and all of those are #$subEvents of the #$HavingAMeal event. bd58d570-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 echolocations #$EcholocationPerception is the collection of spatial #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent (such as a bat or a submarine) generates sounds (potentially ultra- or sub- sonic in frequency), hears the sounds reflected from surfaces, and thereby acquires information about the position of other objects in its environment. bd58fd57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ecological regions A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$EcologicalRegion is a region having one or more characteristic ecosystems. From knowledge of those ecosystems, we can posit whether certain organisms can forage, reproduce, and live successfully there. Information about ecological regions typically also includes what kinds of organisms are in fact found there. In theory, any arbitrary continuous region could be analyzed as an ecological region, but most regions identified in practice have some kind of sameness or systematic interconnection in their topology, climate, and biology. Examples: the #$WesternDesertOfEgypt, the #$GreatBarrierReef, the #$Amazon-Region. bd58ca27-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 edges The collection of all edges on objects that are instances of #$PartiallyTangible. For a two-dimensional object, its boundaries other than corners are it edges. For a three dimensional object the edges are the outer portions of those extremities, excluding any corners (#$Corner-2or3d), that are much more acute in cross section in one direction than in most other directions at the same point. Some objects, like spheres, hairs, poles and typical burrs, have no edges. A discus has one, round, edge has four edges. A mountain ridge might have only a single edge. A solid polyhedron has six or more edges. bd58f6db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 edge on object - generic This is the collection of all edges on spatial objects, tangible or intangible. Edges define the boundaries of two-dimensional objects and the edges of the surface boundaries of three-dimensional objects. Corners define where one edge ends and another begins. See #$EdgeOnObject for a discussion of some examples of edges on physical objects. bf9014fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 edible things A collection of partially tangible stuff which all normal instances of some spec of #$Organism-Whole can consume and successfully metabolize, with or without resulting harm to themselves, a significant portion of any instance of. This collection includes virtually all animal and vegetable matter and instances of #$OralDrug. It does not necessarily include things that are ingested but not metabolized, such as the stones that birds swallow to aid in digestion, or dirt, paint chips, and coins ingested by children. The function #$EdibleByFn is used to specify the collections of edible stuff that are ingestible by all normal instances of certain specs of #$Organism-Whole, including #$Person. Note that whether an edible substance *also* has a detrimental effect if eaten is a separate question. Something can be both edible and poisonous. bd5908ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 educational levels A collection of attributes. Each #$EducationLevelAttribute, when applied to a person, indicates their level of education or current involvement in a course of study; if applied to a course of study, it indicates the level of it. The very same attributes apply in both cases, though; some sample elements of this collection are: #$PhDLevel, #$TwelfthGradeLevel, #$BachelorOfArtsLevel, #$MedicalDegreeLevel, etc. bd58dc00-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 degrees A collection of abstract (intangible) objects which consist of information about an agent. Each element of #$EducationalDegree is a credential conferred, by some instance of #$EducationalOrganization, on a student who has successfully completed a prescribed course of study there. #$EducationalDegree includes high school, associate, baccalaureate, licensate, magisterial, professional, and doctoral degrees, etc. bd58a9fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 schools A collection of educational organizations. An element of #$EducationalOrganization may be a school, system of schools, college, seminary, etc., -- a place where teaching and/or training are programmed and provided as a service for students. An educational organization may be public or private. This collection includes #$AustinISD (i.e., the #$CityOfAustinTX Independent School District), #$StanfordUniversity, #$BrynMawrCollege, #$UniversityOfPennsylvaniaSchoolOfMedicine, and many other institutions. bd588d41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Egypt Egypt is an #$IndependentCountry in the northeast part of the #$ContinentOfAfrica; Egypt is east of #$Libya, north of the #$Sudan, south of the eastern #$MediterraneanSea and west of the #$RedSea. This constant includes Egypt throughout time, in both its political and physical aspects. bd589383-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 elasticity A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Elasticity represents a specific ability of a physical material to quickly and completely return to its original shape after deformation that does not induce breakage, without permanent change to its original dimensions. For example, billiard balls have a high degree of elasticity in this sense. Elasticities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$elasticityOfObject. bd5884d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical charges A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$ElectricalCharge is an amount of net electrical charge (positive or negative) possessed by a particular instance of #$PartiallyTangible. Elements of #$ElectricalCharge may be either a fixed interval, such as the charge on one electron, or a range, such as a usable charge on a flashlight battery; see #$ScalarInterval. Also see #$UnitOfCharge for the units used by Cyc to measure electrical charges. bd5905db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical components A collection of electrical components. An instance of #$ElectricalComponent is an #$ElectricalDevice which is normally considered to be a part of some larger, more clearly distinguished #$PhysicalDevice (e.g., clearly distinguished in the sense that it is sold, moved, etc. as a unit). The #$ElectricalComponent must be connected with other parts in order to perform its #$primaryFunction. bd58d414-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical conductor A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$PhysicalConductingMedia. Each element of #$ElectricalConductor is a physical thing that can conduct electricity; e.g., a power cord, an electrical plug, a piece of metal. bd588903-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical devices A collection of physical devices; the most general collection of electrical devices. Such devices require an input of electrical current (as #$energySource) in order to perform their intended functions. Instances of #$ElectricalDevice include both complex devices (e.g., elements of the collections #$StereoSystem or #$Computer) and simpler ones (e.g., elements of #$ElectricalComponents). Note: in some contexts, crystal radios might be classified as inert (unpowered) electrical devices; the same for some sorts of passive radar detectors. These are exceptional cases, but still elements of this collection. In other contexts, the power for these devices can be viewed as being supplied from the outside, hence they are clearly `powered' in such contexts. bd58d451-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical resistance A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ElectricalResistance is an attribute which measures the resistance to electrical flow through an object. Examples: #$InsulatorResistance, #$ConductorResistance, #$SemiconductorResistance, #$SuperconductorResistance. bd589bb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electromagnetic radiation sensors A subset of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that detect #$ElectromagneticRadiation. bd589e97-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electromagnetic radiation A collection of events; a subset of #$WavePropagation. Each element of #$ElectromagneticRadiation is an event that arises from the interaction of an electrical field and a magnetic field. Examples include the elements of the collections #$VisibleLight, #$RadioWaves, and #$XRays. c1009603-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrons A collection of objects; a subset of #$SubAtomicParticle. Every instance of #$Electron is a subatomic particle with an #$ElectricalCharge of -1. bd5881d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electronic devices A collection of devices which use electronic circuitry. More specifically, any instance of #$ElectronicDevice in which electricity passes through a vacuum or semiconductor. bd589095-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chemical elements A collection of tangible substances; a subset of #$TangibleThing. Every instance of #$ElementStuff is a piece of tangible stuff, composed of a quantity of atoms, all of which are of the same chemical element. That is, every atom in an individual piece of #$ElementStuff has the same number of protons in its atomic nucleus as does every other atom in that piece. For example, all pieces of carbon are instances of #$ElementStuff. All pieces of two of #$Carbon's subsets, #$Diamond and #$Graphite, also are instances of #$ElementStuff. On the other hand, instances of #$Water, because they are constituted of both (some) #$Hydrogen and (some) #$Oxygen atoms, do not belong to the collection #$ElementStuff. bd5908b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 element stuff type by number of protons A collection of collections. #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons partitions the collection #$ElementStuff. Each instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons is a subset of #$ElementStuff which is defined ONLY by the atomic composition of its instances -- neither the isotopic composition or physical state of the substances, nor any other additional feature, determines membership in a collection which #$isa #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons. All that matters is that the instances of that type (i.e., collection) of stuff are entirely composed of atoms having a particular number of protons in each atomic nucleus. Thus, the collection #$Carbon is an instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons, but neither the collection #$Diamond nor the collection #$Graphite is (even though they are subsets of #$Carbon), because their members have additional qualifications. bd590830-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ellipsoidal This instance of #$ShapeAttribute is held by all three dimensional objects such that the planar sections along its respective internal axes are #$Elliptical. In other words, the shape of objects with this attribute should be roughly describable by taking some two dimensional ellipse and rotating it around its major axis in three space. Note that #$Spherical is a specialization of this attribute. bfd0a066-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 elliptical #$Elliptical is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all elliptical objects in virtue of being elliptical. Note that #$Circular is a specialization of this attribute, i.e. circular things are elliptical insofar as they are ellipses with eccentricity zero. bf6bfa19-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 embarrassment Mental disturbance and confusion at self-exposure. #$Embarrassment is often an impediment to freedom of thought, speech, or action. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$Embarrassment is #$Shame. bd58c194-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 embassies The collection of all embassies, the official diplomatic representations of a country A in a foreign country B. Not to be confused with the buildings in which such offices are hosted. See #$Embassy-TheBuilding. bd59a62b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 embryos The collection of not yet fully-formed organisms, including mammals before birth, birds before hatching, and plants before sprouting from their seeds. Note that the criteria of the collection #$Embryo do not correspond exactly with the meaning of the English word 'embryo', since #$Embryo includes zygotes, blastulas, the set of cells derived from the embryo after the fetus is formed (#$AmnioticSac + #$Fetus + #$Placenta-FetalPortion), etc. c0fd5c79-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 emirates The collection of all Emirates, that is, those geopolitical entities, or territories, each of which is ordinarily ruled by an #$Amir-HeadOfState or an Emir (Amir) who is not necessariy a #$HeadOfState of an #$IndependentCountry, but rules a subsidiary region. See especially the #$UnitedArabEmirates. be5c29ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 emission A collection of processes; a subset of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each element of #$Emission is an event in which something `comes out' of an object that actively contributes to that thing's emission (e.g., it is a #$providerOfMotiveForce). The source is indicated with the predicate #$emitter. An entire #$Translocation is associated with an emission, and these are related through the predicate #$transferOutSubEvent. If the thing which `comes out' is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible, then the event belongs to a more specific collection, #$EmittingAnObject (q.v.). If the associated element of #$Translocation is an instance of #$WavePropagation, then the emission belongs to the more specialized collection, #$EmittingAWave (q.v.). bed006f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 wave emissions A collection of events; a subset of #$Emission. Each element is an event in which a wave is emitted at a #$fromLocation. For example, Themistocles ordering his fleet to withdraw; Miles Davis playing the trumpet; an emergency flare burning by the side of the road. See also #$WavePropagation. bebe7cda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 emissions A collection of events; and a subset of #$Emission. An instance of #$EmittingAnObject is an emission event in which there is some #$PartiallyTangible which is the #$objectEmitted, i.e., the thing which `comes out' of the #$emitter of the event. The #$objectEmitted goes from (#$fromLocation) a place inside of the #$emitter to (#$toLocation) some place that is not within the #$emitter. The #$emitter plays an active role (#$doneBy and #$providerOfMotiveForce) in the emission. Examples: the birth of a baby, a bullet shot from a gun, a venonous snake depositing poison. Negative examples: a person leaving a building (the building is not active), throwing a ball (the ball was not inside the person before the throwing). bd58e6c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sound emissions A collection of events; a subset of #$EmittingAWave. Each element of #$EmittingSound is an event in which an instance of #$Sound is emitted from some #$waveSource. Examples: an explosion generating a sound wave; a plucked violin string resonating; a baby crying; a person saying `Hello'. bd589e37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 employees A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Employee works directly for some business. Disjoint with #$SelfEmployedWorker. bd58ec41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 employee-hiring events A collection of events; a subset of #$MakingAnAgreement. Each element of #$EmployeeHiring is an event in which some agent--either an organization or individual--hires a person to work as its employee. See also #$employees, #$WorkAgreement. bd58d9c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 employment termination A collection of events; a subset of #$EndingAnAgreement. Each element of #$EmploymentTermination is an event in which some employee ceases to work for his or her employer. The termination may be initiated by either party, or it may have been specified in the original #$WorkAgreement (q.v.). Different kinds of #$EmploymentTermination are specified by the subsets #$Resigning, #$EmployeeLayoff, #$RetirementEvent, etc. bd58d986-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 empty space region A specialization of #$SpaceRegion whose instances are connected regions of empty space located in the empirically observable universe. The meaning of empty depends on context. In a high-energy physics microtheory where empty is defined as containing no particles, an empty space region would be a complete vacuum (see also #$Vacuum). In #$AmbientConditionsMt an empty space region would be occupied by a piece of #$Atmosphere. An undersea context could treat empty space regions as filled with seawater. An instance of #$EmptySpaceRegion is intangible, and not to be confused with the material -- if any -- that occupies it (cf. #$FreeSpaceContent). bd58ee65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 encrypting events The collection of actions in which some transformation is applied to an IBT (#$InformationBearingThing) which renders it unaccessible to all but the intended audience, since the method required to decrypt the IBT is secret. bd60996f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 end of an agreements A collection of events. Each element of the collection #$EndingAnAgreement is an event in which some instance of #$Agreement comes to an end. For example, instances of #$EmploymentTermination and #$EndingMembership. bd589fb3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 energy conversion process A collection of events. In each instance of #$EnergyConversionProcess, energy is converted from one form to another. bd58f827-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 engines A collection of #$PoweredDevices. An instance of #$Engine is a device that changes some form of energy into motion (usually rotation). An engine may operate by burning some type of fuel (as do jet engines and internal combustion engines), or it may be powered by electricity, fluid flow, etc. bd58cec4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 engineers A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Engineer is a professional who works in some branch of engineering. Elements of #$Engineer include the members of the subsets #$ElectricalEngineer, #$ChemicalEngineer, #$CivilEngineer, #$MechanicalEngineer, etc. bd59015a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 English Language The Germanic Language native to England, now spoken in the United Kindom, the United States, and many other countries. bd58b700-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 english paraphrase mt This is the default context used for generating English paraphrases for CycL expressions. Many of the assertions required for English paraphrase generation can be found in this context, including those with the predicates #$genFormat and #$genPhrase. bda16220-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 English words The collection of all lexical words in English; a subset of #$LexicalWord. Different inflectional forms of a word do not count as different words; for example, #$Eat-TheWord encompasses the strings 'eat', 'eating', 'ate', etc. bd588075-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 enjoyment The agreeable emotion of taking pleasure or satisfaction in an experience. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Delight, #$Celebratory-Emotion, etc. bd589154-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 enlisted people A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who is an enlisted person in some #$MilitaryOrganization, such as a private. bd58a708-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 entertainment events The collection of activities which are performed by one party primarily to amuse or entertain others. Every instance of #$EntertainmentEvent necessarily has among its subevents both an instance of (#$PerformingFn #$EntertainmentEvent) and an instance of (#$AttendingFn #$EntertainmentEvent). It is thus distinguished from #$RecreationalActivity: a #$RecreationalActivity need not involve any #$Entertainers, whereas an instance of #$EntertainmentEvent will always involve both an entertainer, and an entertainee. Note: This is more general than #$EntertainmentPerformance because it may not entail a formal performance per se. E.g., #$JokeTelling is a spec of #$EntertainmentEvent because it involves a joke-teller, the entertainer, and a listener, the entertainee. Such an event, however, can occur under informal circumstances, and need not be a formal performance. Thus #$JokeTelling is not a spec of #$EntertainmentPerformance.--Huffer, Dec 2, 1998 bd58e10a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 entertainment or arts professional A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional is a person who uses some sort of creative or artistic abilities in the main function of his or her job. #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional includes both performing artists and producers of tangible artworks, either creative or commercial. This collection does NOT include people working on the business side of those professions, such as producers or art dealers, whose #$jobAttributes are more similar to those of other business professionals (e.g., managers, marketers, sales representatives) than to the artists'; cf. #$EntertainmentOrArtsAdministrator. bd58ea20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 performances The collection of public and private entertainment performances, like plays, street performances, ballets, movies. Each #$EntertainmentPerformance is a presentation or exhibition, to a human audience, with artistic or entertainment value. Note: Movies are included even though the Performers aren't performing in the same point in space-time. But we draw the line at still photographs; i.e., those are not considered #$EntertainmentPerformances. bd58c027-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 entities X is an #$Entity if it is a `maximal' #$SomethingExisting. What we mean by that is that there cannot be another #$SomethingExisting of which X is merely a subabstraction (see #$subAbstrac). So #$AlbertEinstein is an entity, but AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton is not. In other words, an #$Entity represents the entire existence of a thing, not just one or more `temporal chunks' or #$timeSlices of a thing. bd58dd15-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 equiangular This is the attribute shared by all objects that are polygon shaped (see #$PolygonShaped) and in which all angles between edges (see #$angleBetweenEdges) have the same measure. be209c21-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 equilateral shaped This is the instance of #$ShapeAttribute shared by all polygon-shaped objects each of whose edges has the same length. c13f6e1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ethnic groups A collection of collections. An #$EthnicGroupType is a set of people whose group-organization, practices or characteristics are based on ethnic origins. E.g., some #$EthnicGroupTypes are: #$EthnicGroupOfVietnamese, #$EthnicGroupOfIndiansOfTheUS, etc. bd58dcae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 eukaryotic cells The collection of eukaryotic cells, #$Cells which serve as the basic structural unit of eukaryotic organisms. These cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles. Multicellular Organisms generally have #$EukaryoticCells; #$EukaryoticCell DNA has introns. Certain #$EukaryoticCells, like the red blood corpuscles of #$Persons with heathy #$Spleens, lack nuclei. bd58eee7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evaluatable functions A collection of Cyc functions. Each element of #$EvaluatableFunction is a Cyc function which is associated (via #$evaluationDefn) with a piece of Heuristic Level (SubL) code that computes the result of applying the function to legal arguments. See #$PlusFn for a good example. An evaluatable function is evaluated only if none of its arguments is unbound. See also the more general #$EvaluatableRelation. bd58829b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evaluatable relation Instances of #$EvaluatableRelation are functions and predicates for which there is some piece of system code that can be invoked to evaluate an expression using the function or predicate. Functions having this property should be an instance of the more specific #$EvaluatableFunction; in those cases, the result of evaluating the expression is a new term. For example, (#$PlusFn (#$Inch 3) (#$Inch 1)), when evaluated, results in the term (#$Inch 4). Predicates which are evaluatable have a piece of system code associated which can be used to obtain the truth value for any ground formula formed with the predicate. For example, (#$greaterThan (#$Inch 3) (#$Inch 1)) evaluates to ``true''. The predicate #$evaluationDefn is used to state the name of the piece of system code to be used to evaluate expressions formed with an #$EvaluatableRelation. bfb0e3f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evaporations The collection of events in which a piece of stuff is transformed from a #$LiquidStateOfMatter to a #$GaseousStateOfMatter by evaporation as opposed to boiling. be01164d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 even numbers The set of all even numbers (integers) including positive and negative even numbers and zero, but not including any infinite 'numbers'. bff46760-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evenings Each #$Evening is started by a #$Dusk and is #$temporallyCoterminal with the #$CalendarDay it's a part of. Each #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon, and each #$Overnight is #$contiguousAfter an #$Evening. bd589dc7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events This is one important subset of #$TemporalThing. The elements of #$Event are events or actions, things that we say are `happening', changes in the state of the world. #$Event is also a subset of #$Intangible, since an event consists of the `actions' per se, and THEY then refer to the tangible objects which participate in them. In contrast, the collection #$SomethingExisting (another important subset of #$TemporalThing) has elements which have temporal extent yet are `static', such as a rock at the bottom of a pond. Note: While `#$SomethingExisting vs. #$Event' might seem at first to be an obvious partition of things with temporal extent, there are interesting borderline cases -- such as agreements -- which Cyc treats as instances of #$SomethingExisting, but which could also be represented as instances of #$Event. And there are still other cases, such as the pure disembodied elements of #$TimeInterval, which are elements of #$TemporalThing yet belong neither to #$SomethingExisting nor to #$Event. bd58800d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evergreens A collection of plants. Each element of #$EvergreenPlant is a plant that retains leaves or needles throughout all the seasons of the year. Cf. #$DeciduousPlant. c0fdff40-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 everything p s c A problem solving context in which all assertions in the entire KB are visible. This context is only appropriate for use in queries which do not care about the consequences of possible contradictions due to conflicting information from mutually inconsistent microtheories. See also #$InferencePSC. be7f041b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exception relation A collection of mathematical objects, which are the #$LogicalConnectives used to express exceptions to rules. Elements include #$exceptWhen and #$exceptFor. bec28bcc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exchange of user rights A collection of events. In an instance of #$ExchangeOfUserRights, two #$Agents (the #$exchangers) perform two distinct (though related) #$TransferringPossessions with each other. Two objects are exchanged. Each agent gains possession -- in the form of some #$UserRightsAttribute -- of something (an #$objectOfPossessionTransfer) from the other. Each transfer is related to the other as some kind of condition, a precondition or an intended result; e.g., the news seller will hand over a paper if given fifty cents, and I give the news seller my fifty cents so that he will turn over a newspaper to me. The two #$TransferringPossession events are #$subEvents of the #$ExchangeOfUserRights event. bd589096-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 excitement A feeling of arousal that stirs up, moves profoundly, or serves as a challenge to one's power, eliciting the desire to do or perceive something. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Excitement include #$Enthusiasm, #$Celebratory-Emotion, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc. bd58c086-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exclusive user rights An attribute of an object with respect to an #$Agent, meaning that the agent who holds this kind of #$UserRightsAttribute to an object has the sole right to use that object. There can be only one such #$Agent at a given time; that agent may be an #$Organization or an individual person. When you rent a car, you expect #$ExclusiveUserRights of it for the duration of your rental, even though you don't own the car. bd58fef2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 executives A collection of people. An instance of #$Executive is a person who holds an executive managerial positions in some #$Organization. Among the members of #$Executive are top managers of organizations, including corporate officers (#$ChiefExecutiveOfficer, etc.), Chiefs of Staff, Generals, Admirals and others like Chief Corporate Counsel, Managing Partner, Producer, Chief Scientist, Chief Engineer, as well as other upper and upper-middle managers. bd58fadf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exercises The collection of events in which humans move their bodies for the purpose of general physical conditioning and/or strengthening muscles. comment by #$Nichols on June 25, 1996 bd58ac02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exhalations Expelling air from the lungs bd589d08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 existing object types A collection of collections. Almost every element of each element of #$ExistingObjectType (exceptions are allowed) is temporally stufflike yet is objectlike in other ways, including spatially. ``OBJTYPE is an #$ExistingObjectType'' implies: a) for most instances OBJ of OBJTYPE, for any proper physical part PART of OBJ, PART is not an OBJTYPE. b) for all instances OBJ of OBJTYPE, for most proper physical parts PART of OBJ it will not be the case that PART is an OBJTYPE. Any one of many #$timeSlices of a copy of `Moby Dick' sitting on your shelf is still a copy of `Moby Dick' sitting on your shelf. Most tangible objects are temporally stufflike in this fashion. That book is, of course, not spatially stufflike; spatially, it is objectlike: if we take a scalpel and slice the book into ten pieces, each piece is not a copy of `Moby Dick'. So (#$isa #$BookCopy #$ExistingObjectType) is true, because each book is temporally stufflike but spatially objectlike. See the comment for #$StuffType to find out more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType. bd65d880-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 existing stuff types A collection of collections. Each element of #$ExistingStuffType is a collection of things (including portions of things) which are both temporally and spatially stufflike; they may also be stufflike in other ways, e.g., in some physical property. Division in time or space does not destroy the stufflike quality of the object (down to a certain granularity). ``STUFF is an instance of #$ExistingStuffType'' implies: a) for most instances, OBJ, of STUFF, for any proper physical part PART of OBJ, PART is also an instance of STUFF. b) for all instances, OBJ, of STUFF, for most proper physical parts PART of OBJ, PART is also an instance of STUFF. For example, every piece of wood is temporally stufflike: if W-168 is a piece of wood during 1996, then it's also a piece of wood for the one-minute time-slice 9:05am 7/7/96. It's also spatially stufflike: if we take that piece of wood W-168 and cut it in half, we have two things which are both pieces of wood. The fact that every piece of wood is both temporally and spatially stufflike is represented in Cyc by the assertion (#$isa #$Wood #$ExistingStuffType). Other examples of #$ExistingStuffType: #$AppleJuice, #$IceCream, #$Diamond, #$WaxedPaper, #$StriatedMuscle. See the comment for #$StuffType to learn more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType. bd59f2ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 experiencing hunger Being hungry bd58d1d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 explosions A collection of events. Each instance of #$Explosion is an event that involve an extremely violent, chaotic release of energy. It is not exactly controlled, even in the best circumstances, though it may be contained and channelled to do useful work (such as within the cylinders of a car engine, or such as when a hole is blasted for a backyard swimming pool.) be00f76e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 extensional representation predicates A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate is a predicate used to form assertions about the properties of individual objects. These predicates implement the extensional structure of the Cyc ontology; e.g., #$attorneys, #$objectTakenCareOf, #$actorPartsAffected, #$vestedInterest. bd5883cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exter